1 68 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



termed " thymelaea lauri folio sempervirens " by Tournefort inst. 595 ; and is known to grow in woods 

 in Sicily, Italy, and throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi 1S3, and Smith engl. fl. ii. 229), "every 

 part" according to Lindley "very acrid," producing "a burning heat in the mouth and throat," the 

 scent of the flowers "resembling saffron, with an overpowering sweetness," but "perceptible in an 

 evening only," the berries "black." 



1082 (= "2 years" before the assembling of army and fleet at Aulis, Sm. b. d.), preparations 

 commenced by the Greeks for war against Troy. 



Pinus maritima of the Northern shores of the Mediterranean. A kind of pine called in Greece 

 "pSukos " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the "p£uke" whose timber withstands rain — (Horn. il. 

 xxiii. 328), mentioned also in Hesiodic scut. here. 376, and by Crates, Euripedes med. 4, Dioscorides, 

 Athenaeus iii., and the "pguken paralian " by Theophrastus iii. 9. 1 and ix. 2. 5 : P. maritima was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in low sandy situations from the Peloponnesus throughout 

 Greece, and the only kind of pine on Cyprus, furnishing pitch, turpentine, and abundance of excellent 

 ship-timber. Westward, "tibulos" are described by Pliny xvi. 17 as growing along the seashore of 

 Italy, slender and used for ship-building: P. maritima, "a tree twenty feet high," is described by 

 Bauhin (Pers.), and Lambert pi. 10 ; is known to grow in Italy as far as Genoa, and in Southwestern 

 France (A. Dec, and Daub.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 

 " P. Alepensis " regarded as not distinct, was also seen by Bory in the maritime portion of the Pelop- 

 onnesus, is known to grow from Tauria to Barbary (Lamb. pi. 11, and Pers.), was observed in the 

 gardens of Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, and its imported timber called " snoubar." 



Spartium junccum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ginestra " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " sparto " (Sibth.) or "ta sparta" (Fraas), in which we recognize the material of the ropes " sparta " 

 in the Greek ships — (Horn. il. ii. 135), the "sparton" or "spartion" plant of Cratinus, Herodotus 

 v. 16, Plato polit. 280, Aristotle an. ix. 40, Dioscorides, and the "linosparton " plant of Theophrastus 

 i. 5. 2 : S. junceum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands to the Dardanelles: and "sparta'' cordage 

 was known in Egypt as early at least as the arrival of the ships of Menelaus (Horn. od. iii. 300). 

 Westward, great quantities of " spartum " were accumulated by Asdrubal for naval use (Liv.), and 

 that produced in Africa being small and worthless, were probably imported from Carthagena in 

 Spain, where according to Pliny xix. 7 and xxiv. 40 the plant covers whole mountains and is collected 

 by persons having their hands and legs protected: the term "sparteus" occurs in Columella, and 

 "lentae genistae " in Virgil, but whether the "genista" of the Romans useful for ties is identical 

 with the " sparton " plant of the Greeks, Pliny is uncertain : S. junceum is termed " genista juncea " 

 by Tournefort inst. 643 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy 

 and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 



1080 B. C. ("in the beginning of the war against Troy," Pausan. ix. 5. 7. and Clint, i. p. 87). 

 Thersander son of Polynices and father of Tisamenus, slain in Mysia. He had recalled many fugi- 

 tive Cadmeans. 



Fagus sylvatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain beech, in Anglo- 

 Saxon " bece " or " boc," in Germany "buch," in Old High German "puocha," in M. H. G. "buoche," 

 in Holland "beuk," in Old Norse "beyki," in Denmark " bog," in Sweden " bok," all signifying both 

 the tree and book, from Runic tablets made of this wood, and in accordance with the Sanscrit "boko " 

 letter and " bokos " writings (Prior), also in Slavonian "buk" (A. Dec), in Tartar "biuk" (Pall.), 

 in France "hetre" or "fouteau" (Nugent), in Italy "faggio" (Lenz), in Greece "oxua" (Sibth.), 

 in Egypt its imported timber "sansan" (Forsk. p. lvi) ; in which we recognize the "oxua" tree that 

 gave its name to the Mysians — (Xanthus, quoted by Menecrates of Elais and Strabo xii. 8. 3), and 

 the " oxue " spear of Archilochus : the " oxua " is described by Theophrastus iii. 10. 1 to v. 8. 6 as the 

 only tree of its kind, its softly-echinate fruit enclosing a nut having the sweetness and taste of chest- 

 nuts, its wood used for wagons : F. sylvatica was observed by Hawkins on high mountains in Greece, 

 by Sibthorp in woods near Constantinople, by Griesebach on the mountains of Asia Minor, by 

 Karelin as far as Astrabad South of the Caspian; is known to grow also about Caucasus, and in the 

 province of Talusch, and as far as the Ural (Gmel., Pall, and Clauss.). Westward, the "oxue" is 

 said by Theophrastus iv. 8. 3 to grow in Latium, large enough for the keels of Etruscan ships ; the 

 "fagus" is mentioned by Caesar, Varro, Virgil, Columella, Martial, and is described by Pliny xvi. 7 

 as bearing nuts " triangula cute : " F. sylvatica occurs in piles or posts of Swiss lake-villages belong- 

 ing to the Stone Age, and in quantities of the nuts among the debris (Troyon 16 to 40, and HeerV 

 is termed "fa,L;us" by Tournefort inst. 584; was observed by Lenz on the heights of North Italy; 

 and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lat. 6o° 31' (Lindblom)! 

 By European colonists, was carried to Madeira, where it continues under cultivation (Heer, and A." 

 Dec. g. b. 47 to 1 54). 



" 1078 B. C. = 1st year of Kang-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



