OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. I 71 



1072 B. C. (Horn. il. ix. 328), the country around Troy ravaged by Achilles, who destroyed 

 " eleven " towns in the Interior and " twelve " on the coast. 



" In the Tenth " and last year of the war (Sm. b. d.), pestilence in the Greek camp, and the 

 daughter of Chryses priest of Apollo at Chryse, sent back to her father. — With which event, 

 Homer's account opens. 



Ulmus effusa of the Mediterranean countries. A small kind of elm called in Greece "phtelia'' 

 (Sibth.) or "phtSlSa" (Fraas), in which we recognize the "pt£l£a" growing along the river-brink near 

 Troy — (il. vi. 419 and xxi. 242 to 350), mentioned also by Hesiod op. 435, Aristophanes nub. 1008, 

 Dioscorides, and distinguished from the "orfioptSlSa" large mountain kind by Theophrastus iii. 14: 

 U. effusa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete throughout Greece, according to Chau- 

 bard, never becoming very large; Westward, the "ulmus" is mentioned by Plautus, Virgil, and a 

 "silvestre" kind by Pliny xvi. 29: U. effusa is distinguished by Willdenow, is termed "u. peduncu- 

 lata" by Fougeroux; and is described by Lindley as "a small tree" growing in "woods in the South- 

 ern parts of Europe." 



Ulmus suberosa, — by some writers regarded distinct, is termed "u. sativa" by Duroi, "u. 

 pumila " by Pallas, " u. fruticosa " and "arborea" by Willdenow (Steud.), and is perhaps the 

 " kharkhafty " long known in the gardens of Egypt, according to Delile, and Clot-Bey, but hardly 

 exceeding the dimensions of a shrub. 



Salix alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A large tree called in Britain white 

 willow (Prior), in Italy with other species " salcio " (Lenz), in Greece "gStigia" (Forsk.) or "Stia" 

 (Sibth.) or "itSa" (Fraas) ; and the " Mai 61Ssikarpoi " growing among lofty poplars and conspicu- 

 ous from the sea — (od. x. 510), "it£a lSuke " of Theophrastus iii. 13, and "itSa thSnthron" of Di- 

 oscorides, are referred here by Fraas ; the " candidam " kind is also enumerated by Pliny xvi. 69 as 

 cultivated in Asia, and the most useful : S. alba was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Cyprus 

 throughout Greece; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the "Candida" kind of 

 "salix" is mentioned by Cato vi. 9, Virgil, and Ovid met. x. 96; S. alba is termed " s. vulgaris alba 

 arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 590, "omnium maxima et utilissima " by Persoon, and according to 

 Carey is sometimes " eighty " feet high ; is known to grow in meads from Italy throughout middle 

 Europe (Pollini, and Engl. bot. pi. 2430), and is besides planted. Eastward from the Black Sea, was 

 observed by Thunberg in the outskirts of cities in Japan, and called " kawa-ianigi." By European 

 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted for ornament in our Northern 

 States. Its bark, recommended by " Stone in 1763," is regarded by Smith as "valuable in the treat- 

 ment of agues " though " inferior to that of S. Russeliana" (Lindl.). 



Salix fragilis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A tall and handsome tree called in 

 Britain crack willow (Prior), the annual shoots readily breaking off (Pers.), in Germany "brech- 

 weide," in Greece " itea " (Fraas) or"Stia" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the "itea" growing 

 along the river-brink near Troy— (il. xxi. 350) : the " itSa " divining-rod is mentioned by Herodotus 

 iv. 6°; a shield of " itSa," by Euripides suppl. 705; and the "itea melaina" becoming a tree, accord- 

 ing to Theophrastus iii. 13. 7, with shoots more useful for weaving than the " l£uke " kind : S. fragilis 

 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on river-banks from the Peloponnesus to Constan- 

 tinople ; by Forskal, in the gardens of Constantinople, as well as those of Egypt. Westward, is 

 described by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is termed "s. decipiens" by Thuillier (Steud.) ; and is known to 

 grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Russia (Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 1807, and Wats.). 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is "cultivated for basket-work" 

 (Carey), but whether perfecting seeds is not stated. Its bark is "included in some pharmacopoeias " 

 (Lindl.). " S. Russeliana," according to J. E. Smith the most valuable officinal species, seems gen- 

 erally regarded as not distinct. 



Camus mascula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "corniolo" or 

 "cornal" or "corna" (Lenz), in Greece "krania" (Fraas), in which we recognize the " kranela " of 

 the mountain forest — (il. xvi. 767), and of Herodotus vii. 92, Anaxandrides, Theophrastus iii. 12, 

 Dioscorides, and Galen : C. mascula was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in Asia 

 Minor and Greece, wild in the forest; and by Forskal, and Bory, planted in gardens at Constantinople 

 and in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, " cornus " berries are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as 

 imported from Greece into Egypt, and the living tree according to Clot-Bey has been recently intro- 

 duced Westward, the "cornus" is mentioned by Lucretius v. 939, Horace, Columella, Silius Itah- 

 cus is termed " bona bello " by Virgil georg. ii. 447, and the " cornus mascula " is described by Pliny ^ 

 xvi 30 to \-> as ^rowing on mountains and its wood exceeding strong and destitute of pith : C. mas- 

 cula is termed " c. sylvestris mas " by Tournefort inst. 641 ; is known to grow wild in Italy and mid- 

 dle Europe, is besides planted (Desf., Pers., and Lenz). _ 



Buxus Balearica of mountains in the Mediterranean countries. The puxos of which Pnam s 

 horse-collars were made-(il. xxiv. 268), as well as writing-tablets, not only among the Greeks but 



