172 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



according to the Septuagint translation mentioned in Isaiah xxx. 8, may be compared : wood of B. 

 Balearica according to Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) continues to be exported from Smyrna, Constan- 

 tinople, and the Black Sea. and a species of Buxus grows on Caucasus : farther South, the " sham- 

 sar " or " shumshad " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar, and other Arab writers. Westward, " buxum gallicum " 

 is enumerated by Pliny xvi. 28 as the largest kind ; and B. Balearica is known to grow on Minorca. ^ 



Buxus sempervirens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain box, in 

 Anglo-Saxon "box" or "bux" (Prior), in Germany "buchs" (Grieb), in France "buis" (Nugent), 

 in Italy " bosso " or " busso " (Lenz), in Illyrian "bus" (A. Dec), in Calmuk " boschtom," in 

 Georgian "bsa" (Pall ), in Greece "puxari" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the " puxos " in question, — as 

 well as that of the comic poet Plato, Theophrastus iii. 15, and Pollux : B. sempervirens was observed 

 by Hawkins (Sibth.), and Griesebach p. 148, wild in Bithynia and Macedonia and as far South as 

 Pindus; and "buxus minor" was seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the 

 " buxus " is mentioned by Virgil, Ovid, Columella, Firmicus, Claudian, as cultivated in gardens and 

 the branchlets sheared " tonsile buxetum " by Pliny, and Martial: B. sempervirens is termed "b. 

 arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 578 ; is known to grow wild chiefly in calcareous soil in Italy and 

 on the Pyrenees and Jura as far as Lat 48° ; is besides cultivated, and has become naturalized as 

 far as Holland and Britain (Gerarde, Ray, Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward from Greece, is known 

 to grow in Persia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called " ojo " 

 or"tsuge," growing here and there and often cultivated. By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America, where it continues a frequent edging in gardens, but I have not seen it flowering. 

 The leaves and wood according to Lindley are "sudorific and purgative," and "a fcetid empyreumatic 

 oil 'oleum buxi,' was formerly sold in the shops." 



Stum latifolium of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain water-parsnip (Prior), in 

 Germany " wassermerk," in Italy " herba canella " (Lenz), in Greece "ne>oselina" (Fraas) ; in 

 which we recognize the "selinon" of the marshes eaten by horses — (il. ii. 776, vi. 39, and od. v. 32): 

 S. latifolium was observed by Fraas in brooks and standing water everywhere in Greece. Westward, 

 is described by Caesalpinus vii. 39, the leaves in Italy cooked and eaten (Spreng ) : is known to 

 grow also throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Engl. bot. pi. 204, Pers., and Wats.). East- 

 ward from Greece, is known to grow along the Taurian mountains, and was observed by Gmelin from 

 the Yaic river in Siberia to the Oby. 



Helosciadium nodifloruiu of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece 

 "n£roselinon " (Sibth.), and possibly the "selinon"in question eaten by horses : — H. nodiflorum 

 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in water throughout from the Pelopon- 

 nesus to Smyrna. Westward, is described by Morison ix. pi. 5 ; is termed " sium aquaticum ad alas 

 floridum" by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to grow on river-banks throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 639, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the Azores 

 (Wats., and A. Dec.) ; and before 1788 (Walter) to Carolina, where it has become naturalized around 

 the city of Charleston (Ell., and Chapm.). 



Lotus corniculatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain birdsfoot 

 clover (Prior): the "lfitos" prevalent on plains " pethia lStSunta" and eaten by horses around 

 Sparta and Troy — (il. ii. 776 and xii. 2S4) is referred by Chaubard to " L. Argolicus " observed 

 eaten by cattle and horses in the Peloponnesus, but perhaps not a distinct species : the term "16t6 

 triphullti " employed by Dioscorides iv. no seems also to imply knowledge of a non-trifoliate kind: 

 L. corniculatus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus throughout the 

 Greek islands to Marmora and Smyrna; by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo; and 

 by Pallas, along the Caspian. Westward, is described by C. Bauhin pin. 332; is termed "1. sive 

 melilotus pentaphyllos minor glabra" by Tournefort inst. 402 ; and is known to grow in woods and 

 meads throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 991, Pers., 

 and Hook.). Eastward from the Caspian, was observed by Thunberg frequent in Japan. By 

 European colonists, was carried to South America (Wats.) ; and to Southeast Australia, where 

 subsequent to the visit of R. Brown it has become extensively naturalized (Corder in phytol. 1845, 

 and A. Dec). , 



Lotus major of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " 16tos " growing along the 

 river-brink near Troy— (il. xxi. 351) may be compared with this allied but larger species ; observed 

 by Sibthorp in wet situations on mount Haemus, though not distinguished by (J. E. Smith). West- 

 ward, L. major is described by Rivinus tetrap. pi. 76 ; is termed " 1. pentaphyllos flore majore luteo 

 splendente " by Tournefort inst. 403, "1. uliginosus " by Scbkuhr ; and is known to grow in shaded 

 moist situations throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (ThuilL, Pers., and Engh & bot. pi. 2091). 

 Lotus (Doryaiiuni) latifolius of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The 

 "16ton th' erseenta" forming with other flowers a dense soft bed on mount Ida— (il. xiv. 348), may 

 be compared: D. latifolium is termed "d. orientate latifolium villosum" by Tournefort cor. 26 



