OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 173 



" totum villosum " by Persoon ; is described also by Buxbaum i. pi. 32 ; and was observed by Sib- 

 thorp on the Bithynian Olympus. 



Crocus vermes of mountains in the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in 

 Britain crocus (Prior), in Italy "castagnola" or "magnugola" (Lenz), in Greece "agrios krokos," 

 in which we recognize the "krokos agrios" of Galen comp. med. loc. iv. 8: the "krokos" of mount 

 Ida — (il. xiv. 347) is referred here by Fraas ; and the " glaukes krokou " is mentioned by Empedocles 

 (Plut. def. orac. 41) : C. vernus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on mountain-summits in Cyprus, 

 Crete, and Greece. Westward, the "rubens crocus " is mentioned by Virgil geor. iv. 180 ; C. vernus 

 is termed "c. orientalis vernus flore subcsruleo (s. violaceo) externe spadiceo-rubente " by Tourne- 

 fort cor. 25 ; was observed by Desfontaines on the Atlas mountains ; is known to grow in North 

 Italy (Lenz), but according to Gay, does not descend the central mountains of Europe into the plains 

 of Germany and France ; is however cultivated and partly naturalized in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 344, 

 and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be 

 cultivated for ornament. 



Sedum altissimum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "amaranto" or "staphulaki " 

 or "kolWritha " (Sibth.), and the herb applied to wounds to remove pain — (il.) may be compared : 

 also the "telgphion" of Dioscorides ii. 217 resembling in leaves and stem "anthrahne," growing in 

 vineyards and cultivated places in the Spring and full of thick fleshy leaves used for cataplasms ; in 

 the added Synonyms identified with the " aSizoon agrion : " S. altissimum was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Chaubard, frequent on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek 

 islands, and the leaves used for refrigerant cataplasms. Farther South, the "telSphion" is identified 

 in Syn. Diosc. with the "an6th" of the Egyptians. Westward, with the " atirtopouris " of the 

 Numidians : and Pliny xxvii. no adds that the " telephion " cures wounds : S. altissimum is termed 

 "sempervivum sediforme " by Jacquin hort. i. pi. 81 ; was observed by Tenore pi. 41 (Bory) in Italy, 

 and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers. ; see also S. stellatum). 



Anthyl.is vuhieraria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain kidney 

 vetch or woundwort from its soft downy leaves having been used as lint for dressing wounds (Prior), 

 in Germany " wundkraut " (Grieb), in Greece " kokonohorton " (Sibth.), and possibly the plant in 

 question : — A. vulneraria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Pelopon- 

 nesus to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, is described by Dodoens p. 554 ; is termed "vulneraria 

 rustica" by Tournefort inst. 391 ; was observed by Munby in Algeria ; and is known to grow in 

 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland (Scop., Lam. fi. fr., and A. Dec). The plant 

 in the days of Lyte i. 7 was employed against " strangury and against the payne of the reynes ; " and 

 according to Lindley "has had a great reputation as one of the best of styptics." 



Cyperus longus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " cipero " (Lenz), in Greece 

 "kupliros" (Sibth.) or "agrion kupSiri " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the "kupSiron" growing 

 along the river-brink near Troy — (il. xxi. 351), and of Herodotus, and Theophrastus i. 8, termed 

 " 61£ioriz6n " by Hesychius : C. longus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 

 in marshes from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and was received by Vahl from Egypt. 

 Westward, the " cyperos " of Varro iii. 16. 23, and Columella xii. 20, is referred here by Fraas: C. 

 longus is described by Morison iii. pi. n; is termed " cyperus odoratus radice longa sive officinarum " 

 by Tournefort inst. 527; and is frequent in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and 

 Lenz). Its imported root is called in Britain galingale from "having been fraudulently substituted 

 for the genuine " (Prior) ; and according to Lindley, is employed " as a stomachic." 



Cyperus fuscus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "sbod" or "nghil" (Forsk.) : 

 the "kupgiron" growing on the plains, and on which a warrior's body was laid — (il. and od. iv. 603), 

 termed " throsdthe " dewy or tender by Pherecrates, and growing under oaks according to Theocritus 

 v. 45, may be compared : C. fuscus, low and having a subflaccid stem, was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, frequent in moist situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna: 

 farther South, by Forskal p. 14, and Delile, in Lower Egypt, the most abundant grassy plant in the 

 moist portions of the river-flat. Westward, the " molle cyperon " is mentioned by Petronius ; C. 

 fuscus is described by Morison viii. pi. 9; is termed "c. minimus panicula sparsa nigricante " by 

 Tournefort inst. 527 ; and is known to grow in Carniolia, Barbary, and throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Denmark (Haller helv., Scop, earn., fl. Dan. pi. 179, and Pers.). 



Zostera marina of Northern seas. A marine plant rooting and reaching the surface in sheltered 

 situations, called in Britain grass wrack (Prior), in Germany " wasserriemen " (Grieb), in Greece 

 "ualohorton" (Fraas) or " phukia " (Sibth ), and the "phukioessa " strand— (Horn. il. xxiii. 693) 

 is referred here by Sprengel : the grass-like " phukos " with a long geniculate root is mentioned by 

 Theophrastus iv. 66, and the "phukia" by Theocritus vii. 58: Z. marina was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas around Greece, and is known to grow in the Black Sea to its Eastern extreme 

 (Bieb.). Westward, " the sal nigrum " of Pliny has been identified with the salt procured by burning 



