174 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



this plant, places for which purpose are among the debris of the Stone Age in Denmark (Troyon 

 98) : Z. marina is termed " alga angustifolia vitriariorum " by Tournefort inst. 569 ; is known to grow 

 from the Adriatic outside of the Mediterranean as far as the Baltic (Pers.), Lapland and Iceland 

 (Hook., and Wats.) ; was observed by myself along the coast of New England ; by Pursh, in Dela- 

 ware Bay ; by Chapman, in West Florida. In the Pacific, by Thunberg in Japan ; and is known to 

 grow in Australia (Wats.). 



1071 B. C. (Horn. il. iv. 327, Hellan., Plut. thes. 32, Clem. Alex., and Euseb.), death at Troy 

 of Menestheus leader of the Athenians. He was succeeded at Athens by Demophon, son of Theseus 

 and now Thirteenth Attic king. 



Before the close of the year (= 711 + " 1360 — 1000 years " of Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 21 = 141 7 



— "16 8 15 — 5—68 — 40 — 194 years " of the Armenian Euseb. -Maneth. table = 1280 — 



" 209 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the same table giving 339 + " 4 + 3 + 2 -|- 38 -f 20 y. 4 mo. 

 -|_ 6 -j- 1 24 y. 4 mo. + 150 y. 6 mo. + 40 -f 6 + 89 -f 120 -j- 130 years " = 1072 y. 2 mo.), Troy 

 captured by the Greeks. The event is further placed by Ctesias in the reign of the Assyrian emperor 

 Teutamos. (The date here given is 56 years or fourteen olympiads below the lowest Greek estimate, 

 " 1 127 " of Callimachus, and Africanus : which estimate could not perhaps be conveniently disregarded 

 by Manetho for he has given 991 -)- "130 -j- 7 years" of both Maneth. tables = 1128, and 1417 — 

 "32 — 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 1 126 The next Greek esti- 

 mate, " 1 183" of Eratosthenes, will be observed to be 56 years higher ; and the third Greek estimate 

 presents the same difference. The First registered olympiad, "776," is called by Africanus the 

 " Fourteenth ; " and the above difference of fourteen full olympiads are found between the Olympiad 

 of Iphittis as placed by Callimachus and Africanus in " 82S," and by Eratosthenes in " 884." Between 

 the Return of the Heraclidae and the Registered olympiads (according to Clinton i. p. 128 and 139) 

 " fifty-five " years are omitted by Phanias of Eresus ; an interval also found between the date "1257" 

 assigned by Callimachus to Cadmus, and " 1312" given by Hales as the current Jewish date of the 

 Exodus. The 56 years difference,, continually recurring in Greek computations, is possibly derived 

 from the combination of the Great Julian year, for in the Egyptian reckoning, 1539 — 1461 X 2 = 156, 

 of which " 100 years " are disposed of under Phiops. See Introd. p. xiv). 



After the fall of Troy (Homer il. xx. 308), the Troad ruled by Aeneas. The assertion by later 

 writers of his leaving the country, therefore unfounded. 



Ulysses on his homeward voyage driven to the Lybian coast and the Lotophagi, a people living 

 on the "16tos " that from its sweetness causes him who tastes to forget his country — (Horn. od. ix. 

 95); found by Artemidorus to be an herb that is eaten entire: clearly the "helbeh" Trigonella 

 ftrtium Griccum, eaten crude in Egypt and its sprouting seeds often mixed in a ragout with honey 

 (Clot-Bey). The explanation may be found in the " helweh " conserve, once an article of export 

 even to Britain, and to the present day employed by Arabs along the East African coast for child- 

 stealing. By Serapion, the " meliWtos " of the Greeks is referred directly to a species of Trigonella 

 (see T. hamosa, and T. elatior). 



Qucrcus ilex of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The holm oak is called in 

 Germany " steineiche " (Grieb), in France "yeuse" (Nugent), in Italy " leccio " or "elice" (Lenz), 

 in Greece "pournari" (Fraas) or "aria" or " ar£os " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the three 

 " ilices " on the site selected for the city of Tiburtes — (remaining in the days of Pliny xvi. 5 to 87), 

 also the " ilex " in the Vatican bearing an Etruscan inscription and older than Rome, while among 

 the Romans the earliest civic crown was the " iligna : " the "ilex" is also mentioned by Cato v. 7, 

 Terence, Horace, Virgil, Columella, Statius, and Martial : O. ilex is described by Matthioli valgr. i. 

 pi. 186 ; is termed " i. oblongo serrato folio " by Tournefort inst. 583 ; was observed by Forskal in 

 the environs of Marseilles; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Morocco, and Spain 

 (Moris, Guss., Webb, and A. Dec). Eastward, the "akulSn" of Homer od. x. 242 is regarded by 

 Pliny xvi. 8 as including the acorns of both kinds of " ilicis," that with leaves resembling those of 

 the olive being by some Greeks called "smilaces;" an account derived partly at least from Theo- 

 phrastus iii. 16. 2, who further identifies the " phSllothrun " of the Arcadians with the " arian " of the 

 Dorians : Q. ilex was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete and the Peloponnesus to mount 

 Athos, one of the dominant forest-trees according to Chaubard as throughout the Mediterranean 

 region. 



1069 B. C. (."about the end of the Second year after" the fall of Troy, Dionys. Hal.), in Italy, 

 the city of Lavinium founded by the alleged companions of Aeneas. The city of Tiburtes in Italy 

 perhaps as ancient, its founder Tiburtus, contemporary with Aeneas (according to Virgil aen. vii. 

 671), being a son of Amphiaraus who died at Thebes a. generation before the Trojan war" una aetate 

 ante iliacum bellum " (according to Pliny xvi. 87). 



The same year (= 1062 -f- " 7 years and 8th year " of Horn. od. vii. 259 to 261), arrival of Ulys- 

 ses at Ogygia or Calypso's Isle. 



