OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 175 



Apium graveolens of marshes more or less saline throughout Europe to Caucasus, the seashore 

 of Austral America and as far along the Pacific as California. Called in Britain smallage or small 

 ach, in France " ache de marais " or " ache rustique " (Prior), in Italy " apio " or " apio palustre " or 

 "seleno" (Lenz), in Greece " agriosglinon " (Sibth.), in Egypt " kerafs " (Forsk.) ; in which we 

 recognize the " sglinon " in the meads of Ogygia— (Horn. od. v. 72) ; mentioned also by Theocritus 

 xiii. 42, Galen al. fac. ii. 52, the Geopon. xii. 23, or the " SlSioselinon " of Theophrastus vii. 6, and 

 Dioscorides : A. graveolens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in wet ground from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Lindl.). Farther South, 

 the " karafs " is enumerated by Ebn Baitar as both wild and cultivated ; its seeds are prescribed by 

 Rhazes, and seeds of A. graveolens were found by Forskal mat. med. employed by the Egyptians to 

 stop sea-sickness; the living plant was seen by him, Alpinus, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, 

 and by Hasselquist in Palestine. Westward, the " eleioselinon " or " pgthinon " or " uthrosglinon 

 agrion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " apioum roustikoum " of the Romans ; " apio " wild 

 " in humidis " is mentioned by Pliny xix. 37 ; A. graveolens is described by Turner nom., and Gerarde ; 

 is termed " a. palustre et a. officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 305 ; is known to grow in Italy and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Ludw. ect. pi. 180, fl. Dan. pi. 790, and Pers.), in its 

 wild state according to Lindley " acrid and poisonous." (See A. dulce). 



Barbarea vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Britain yellow rocket or winter rocket or 

 winter cress (Prior p. 58) ox yellow water-cress or belders (Ainsw.), in Italy " crescione " or "lavari" 

 or "lavero" (Anguillar. p. 114); and the accompanying "ion" in the meads of Ogygia, is read 

 " sion " — by some writers : the " sion " is mentioned by Theocritus v. 125 ; by Cratevas, as an herb 

 with a few roundish leaves larger than those of " ethuosmou " and very near those of " guzomo ; " the 

 " sion to nerokarthamon," by Nicolaus Myrepsus (Steph. th. ed. Hase) ; and the " riwas " of Ebn 

 Baitar is translated " wasser-eruca " by Sontheimer : B. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp in marshes 

 from the Peloponnesus to mount Haemus ; but by Chaubard in moist places in gardens. Westward, 

 the •' sion " or " tharen ion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. ii. 153 with the " laouvJrthS ; " the " si5n " 

 with " sapore nasturtii," and " laver " growing " in rivis," are mentioned by Pliny xxii. 41 and xxvi. 

 32 ; B. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius pi. 746, Tragus, and Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed " sisym- 

 brium erucae folio glabro flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 226, " eruca barbarea " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; 

 and is known to grow from North Africa throughout Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 560, and 

 Wats.). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Dec, 

 Cham., and Wats.) : farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; by Mertens, near the 

 trading-posts on Norton Sound ; by myself, frequent along Puget Sound and clearly indigenous ; is 

 known to grow at the mouth of the Columbia, and from Lat. 68° throughout Canada (Hook.), along 

 Lake Superior (A. Gray) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky; by myself, in wild situations along 

 the Atlantic in New England, but more frequently a weed in waste ground. Clearly by European 

 colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues regularly cultivated (Boj.). 



Almts glutinosa of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain alder or alter, in Anglo-Saxon 

 "air" or "aler,".in German " erle," in Gothic " erila," in Holland "els,'' names connected with awl 

 and boring (Prior), in France "aulne'' (Fde), in Italy " alno " or " ontano " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " skilithro " (Forsk.) or " klSthra " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the "klethre " growing on Ogygia 

 — (Horn. od. v. 64), mentioned also by Theophrastus iii. 14 : A. glutinosa was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus : by Hasselquist, as far as 

 the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.). Westward, the 

 " alnus " is mentioned by Cicero, Vitruvius, Virgil, Juvenal, Silius Italicus, and Statius : A. glutinosa 

 is included in the kinds of wood used by the ancient Irish in constructing crannoges (Troyon p. 458) ; 

 is termed " a. rotundifolia glutinosa viridis " by Tournefort inst. 587 ; was observed by Desfontaines 

 in Barbary ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Engl, 

 bot. pi. 1508, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Caucasus, was observed by Gmelin throughout 

 Siberia ; by Thunberg, in Japan and called " iasia," its cone-like fertile aments sold for dyeing black. 

 According to Lindley, " a decoction of the bark is employed as a gargle," and even as a substitute for 

 cinchona. 



Ninety-seventh generation. May 1st, 1067, mostly beyond youth : the Hindu astronomer Garga 

 (Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 232) ; Jesse ; the Greek " aoidoi " or bards, Phemius and Demodocus (Horn, 

 od. i. 337, viii. 472, xiii., xvii., and xxii.) ; the Heraclid chieftain Antiochus, father of Phylas (Apol- 

 lod. ii. 8. 3, and Pausan. ii. 4. 3). 



1064 B. C. (= 1071 — 7 years in the Parian marble, " Demophon ruling Athens "), in Cyprus 

 the city of Salamis founded by Teucer. The fact is mentioned by Aeschylus, Pindar, Strabo, and 

 Pausanias ; and confirmation is found in the name being that of Teucer's native island. 



Ceterach officinarum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stone fern 

 from growing on stone walls, but originally " spleen-wort " or " miltwaste " (Gerarde, W. Coles, and 



