176 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Prior), in France " scolopendre " (Nugent), in Italy " cetracea " or " erba dorata " (Lenz), in Greece 

 "skorpithi " or "hrusohorton " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the "teucrion " discovered by Teucer 

 in throwing away entrails from its adhering to and absorbing the spleen, — further identified by Pliny 

 xxv. 20 with the " hemionion," growing according to Theophrastus ix. 18. 7 in stony mountainous 

 places and resembling " skolopenthrS : " the " skolopenthrion " is mentioned by Andreas, Nicander 

 ther. 684, and is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " emionion " or " splenion " or the " asplenon " of 

 Dioscorides growing on shaded walls and rocks, its leaves resembling the " skolopenthra " animal, 

 incised after the manner of " polupothiou," green above and fulvous and hairy beneath : the account 

 of swine feeding on " splenion " being destitute of a spleen is further mentioned by Pliny (a similar 

 statement is attributed to Vitruvius by W. Coles) : C. officinarum was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, frequent on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Farther 

 South, is called in Egyptian " askolovanterion " (Edw.) ; and was observed by Forskal on the moun- 

 tains of Yemen. Westward, is termed " ceterach " by Matthaeus Sylvaticus, " a. sive ceterach " by 

 Tournefort inst. 544; is described also by Tragus f. 209; and is known to grow from Italy to Spain 

 and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1244, and Bory). 



Acrostichum maratita of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the "teucrion" in ques- 

 tion, — Pliny's account being in part taken from the " emionitis " of Dioscorides, growing in stony 

 places, having neither stem fruit nor flower, but slender roots and a lunate leaf resembling that of 

 " thrakont^io," dissolving the spleen; and in the added Synonyms identified with the " splenion : " 

 the best " asplenum " too, according to Pliny xxvii. 17, came from Crete: A. marantae is termed 

 "asplenium ramosum " by Tournefort inst. 544; and was observed by Sibthorp on Crete, Cyprus, 

 and mount Athos. 



1063 B. C. (= " 8th year" after the death of Agamemnon, Horn. od. iii. 306), Mycenae recovered 

 by his son Orestes, the lawful Argive king. — Who after acquiring Argos and Sparta, became the 

 most powerful chieftain of the Peloponnesus (Pind. pyth. xi. 24, Pausan. ii. 18, and others). 



On the very day when Orestes was solemnizing the burial of his mother Clytemnaestra and of 

 Aegisthus (Horn. od. iv. 365, and "8 years after the fall of Troy" Paus. iii. 22. 2), return of Menelaus 

 to Sparta. 



Physalis (Withanid) somnifera of Arabia. Called in France " coqueret somnifere (Fe"e), in 

 Greece "tragia" (Fraas), in Egypt "morgan" coral-fruited or "sakeran" inebriating (Del.), in 

 Yemen " barde " or"obab" or "uarak esschefa " (Forsk.), in Malabar " pevetti," in Tamil " amkoo- 

 lang," in Telingan "penerroo," in Bengalee " amkoolang" (Drur.) : and the "n£p£nth£s" drug brought 

 by Helen from Egypt and causing one to forget trouble — (Homer od. iv. 221) : fragments of W. 

 somnifera, unrolled from Egyptian mummies, were identified bv Kunth (Lindl.) : the plant was 

 observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, its "leaves steeped in oil" applied "to inflammatory 

 tumours " (Lindl.) ; again by Forskal, along the base of the mountains of Yemen. Farther North, 

 the "halicacabum soporiferum '' or "morion" or "moly" used in prophesying by soothsayers, and 

 medicinally by Diocles, Evenor, and Timaristus, is according to Pliny xxi. 105 "etiam opio velocius 

 ad mortem ; " "halicacabi cortex" is prescribed also by Celsus v. 20: the "struhnos upn6th.es " is 

 described by Theophrastus ix. u. 5 as growing in clefts and on sepulchres, and having hairy leaves 

 and bright red fruit ; by Dioscorides, as growing in stony places near the sea, and the bark of its 

 root placed in wine to procure sleep : W. somnifera was observed by Sibthorp in stony places on the 

 seashore of Cyprus and Euboea ; by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, farther inland in other parts of 

 Greece. Westward, is described by Clusius hist. ii. p. 85 (Spreng.); is termed "alkekengi fructu 

 parvo verticillato " by Tournefort inst. 151 ; and is known to occur in Spain (Cav. ii. pi. 103, and 

 Pers.). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Graham in "the English burial ground, Bombay," 

 growing also in " both the Concans and Guzerat ; " by Hamilton, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as 

 Travancore and Bengal, its seeds used to coagulate milk (Drur.), its leaves according to Lindley 

 "steeped in oil" and applied in a similar way as in Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to 

 Mexico (Pers.). 



1062 B. C. (= " 10th year" after the fall of Troy, Horn, od iii. and xxiv. 322), Telemachus son 

 of Ulysses visiting Nestor at Pylos, and Menelaus at Sparta : before the close of the year, return of 

 Ulysses to Ithaca 



Triticum spella of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, 

 and Germany spelt, in Spain " espelta," in France " espeautre " (Prior) or " epeautre " (Nugent), in 

 Italy "spelta" or "farro" or " grano farro " (Lenz): the "zeia" mixed with barley and given' to 

 horses in the Peloponnesus — (Horn. od. iv. 41 to 594), mentioned also by Herodotus ii. 36, by Xen- 

 ophon anab. v. 4. 16 as cultivated in Pontus, by Strabo v. 2. 10 and vii. 5. 4 as cultivated in Illyria 

 and Umbria, by Mnesitheus of Cyzicus as cultivated in cold climates, by Theophrastus caus. iv. 6 as 

 " poluhitSna '" many-husked, is referred here by writers : "z£ia" and "liphe" changing into wheat is 

 mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 4. 1 and caus. viii. 9. 2, and the " zeia thikokkos " two-seeded kind 



