OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 177 



by Dioscorides : T. spelta was observed by Fraas rare in Greece, and experimentally cultivated : 

 farther South, seeds exhumed in Egypt and regarded as of the time of the Pharaohs, were sent 

 by Ehrenberg to Heer (Lee's edit. Keller, 345), and the living plant was seen in Egypt by Belon. 

 Westward, "far" called "semen'' and anciently " adoreum," the only kind of grain eaten by the 

 Romans for "three hundred years" (Verrius) is mentioned also by Varro, Virgil, Valerius Maxi- 

 mus, Columella, by Pliny xviii. 10 to 19 as kept for seed in its envelopes " in vaginulis suis," and the 

 term "farinarius " mealman is employed by Cato : T. spelta occurs in the debris of the ancient lake- 

 villages of* Switzerland (Troyon), has been cultivated from ancient times by the Celts and Germans 

 (Reynier p. 421), continues to be cultivated on mount Etna (Gemellar.) and throughout middle 

 Europe (Morison pi. 6, Hall, helvet., and Pers.). In its wild state, was observed by Michaux in 

 Persia near Hamadan, and by Olivier trav. iii. 460 on the Upper Euphrates (A. Dec). 



Cydonia vulgaris of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain quince, by Chaucer 

 "coine," in France "coing," in Spain "cotogna" (Prior), in Germany "quitte" (Grieb), in Italy 

 " cotogno " or " melo cotogno " (Lenz), in Greece " kuthdnia " (Sibth.), in Persia " betana " (A. Dec), 

 in Egypt " sefargel " (Del.) : perhaps the original "melon " of the Greeks, the same word signifying 

 sheep, agreeing in their woolly coating and aspect on distant hills, and "melinos " further signifying 

 yellow: the "melon" was cultivated in orchards on Ithaca — (Horn. od. vii. 115), is mentioned also 

 by Hesiod; "kuth6nea" from Cydon in Crete or " kuth6ni.i mela " are mentioned by Stesichorus, 

 Solon leg., Theophrastus iv. 8. 11, Dioscorides, Plutarch conj. pr. 1, and Athenaeus : C. vulgaris 

 was observed in Greece by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, both cultivated and in wild 

 situations; is known to grow also apparently wild in the Crimea and around Caucasus (Ledeb.). 

 Farther South, is called in Egyptian " oushe " (Kirch.) ; was observed by Abd-allatif, Schems-eddin, 

 Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha, and the 

 seeds from the abundant mucilage substituted for flax-seed. Westward, the "cydonia" is identified 

 by Pliny xv. 10 with the "malum cotoneum " of Cato vii. 2, and Varro ; C. vulgaris is known to 

 grow in wild situations in Italy and Sardinia (Bertol., Moris, and Lenz), is naturalized in Sicily, 

 Algeria, Spain, and Portugal (Guss., Pers., Munby, and A. Dec), and is besides cultivated as far as 

 Britain. Eastward from Caucasus, is called in Hindustanee " safargal " or " bih " or " darakht-i-bihi," 

 in Bengali " tahar phal " (D'roz.), and though having no Sanscrit name has been long cultivated in 

 Cashmere and Northern Hindustan (Roxb., and Royle ill. himal.) ; the seeds are besides " imported 

 in considerable quantities from Persia " and "used medicinally by the natives " (Little, and Graham). 

 By European colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay (Nimmo) ; to Japan (Thunb.) ; and 

 to Northeast America, where it continues under frequent cultivation. 



Rubus frulicosiis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bramble or 

 blackberry (Prior), in France " ronce " (Nugent), in Germany " brombeere," in Italy " rovo " or 

 '• more " or "russa de mora " (Lenz), in Greece " vat6 " or " vatos " (Sibth.) and the fruit " mouris " 

 (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "vaton" infesting orchards — (Horn. od. xxiv. 230), mentioned 

 also by Pindar olymp. vi. 90, Salmonius, Theophrastus, Nicander, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 36 : 

 R. fruticosus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from the Peloponnesus 

 to the Dardanelles and Smyrna. Farther South, the " vatos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " aimoios '' or " ame'tros " of the Egyptians, and " aima titanou " or " aima iv26s " of the prophets : 

 R. fruticosus was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border 

 of Egypt ; and " rubus root from Alexandria " was found by Forskal mat. med. in the Egyptian drug- 

 shops. Westward, the "vatos" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mant£ia " of the Dacians, 

 and " sSnt£s " or " rouvoum " or " mora vatikana " of the Romans : the " rubus " is mentioned by 

 Horace, Virgil, Columella, Pliny xxiv. 73, and the morum of the " rubetum " bramble-thicket by Ovid 

 met. i. 104: R. fruticosus is termed " r. vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 614; was observed by Lenz 

 frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far 

 as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 715). 



1054, June 20th (= 1073 y. 302^ d. — " 20 years " of I Sam. vii. 2, " wheat harvest " of xii. 17 

 being determined by Usher to the end of May or beginning of June), Saul anointed king over the 

 Israelites ; with his power limited, especially in religious matters, and defined in a written record by 

 the prophet Samuel (1 Sam. x. 25, xiii. 9, and xv. 24). 



Thamyris, son of Philammon, composing poetry after the fall of Troy — (....). He is men- 

 tioned in the addition to Homer il. ii. 595 : some of his poetry continued extant in the days of Plato, 

 and two lines have been preserved by Plutarch cohib. ira 5. 



Delphinium ajacis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens rocket larkspur 

 (Graham), in Germany " garten rittersporn " (Fraas, and Lenz), on Zacynthus " agrio linar6 tou 

 vounou " (Sibth.) or at Constantinople " kapoutzinos," in Egypt " ajakabuh " (Forsk.) or " ayakbouh " 

 (Del), in which we recognize the " uakinthos " flower said to have sprung from the blood of a beau- 

 tiful youth beloved by Thamyris and accidentally killed by Apollo — (Apollod. i. 3. 3) : the name 



23 



