OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. l8l 



same time a priest (Glid. analect., and Leps. k. pi. 43); but according to Birch, he may belong earlier 

 in the dynasty. 



The same year = " 12th year of Mou-wang" (of the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 96), tribute 

 brought by the Western barbarians to China, including large two-edged swords, and cloth by Lie-tseu 

 called " ho-hoan ; " according to Pauthier, of asbestos. — Cloth made of " asbeston " is mentioned by 

 Anaxilaus, and Pliny xix. 4: a vein of " salamandre " from which cloth is made in the province of 

 Ghinghintalas in Central Asia, is described by Marco Polo 60. 



986 B. C. (= " 7 -\- 13 = 20 years " of ten lunations of I Kings vi and vii, and 2 Chron. viii. 1), 

 completion of Solomon's palace, or "his own house." 



The StS ndr of Proverbs xxv. 20 — is admitted to be natron; an impure carbonate of soda 

 found at the bottom of lakes in Egypt and the neighbouring Desert countries : the "ndr" is also 

 mentioned by Jeremiah ii. 22; the " litron " or "nitron" by Herodotus ii. 86, and Strabo ; the 

 "nitrum," by Columella, and Pliny ; and one of the natron lakes of Egypt is described by Forskal 

 p. xlv. 



The 97 92 zbwb of Ecclesiastes x. 1 — is clearly the house fly, Musca .... Swarms of flies 

 "muiadn " are mentioned by Homer il. ii. 469 ; the " musca " and " muscarium " or fly-flap, by Varro, 

 Cicero, and Martial. Eastward, the house-fly was observed by myself to be aboriginally introduced 

 throughout the inhabited islands of the Pacific. By Polynesians too, the insect may have been first 

 introduced into America : but numbers were doubtless brought by European colonists. 



Sinapis Allionii of Syria and Egypt. A species of wild mustard called in Egypt "karilli" 

 (Forsk.) or "qarilleh" (Del.), and the V"l S W hrwl of Proverbs xxiv. 31, — Job xxx. 7, and Zephaniah 

 ii. 9, may be compared: S. Allionii was observed by Forskal around Alexandria; by Delile, an 

 abundant weed in flax-crops, its leaves sold at Cairo and eaten as cress. As transported to Europe, 

 is described by Jacquin hort. v. ii. pi. 168, and the younger Linnaeus (Ait.). 



VL Mains sylvestris of Europe and Caucasus. Called in Britain apple, in Anglo-Saxon " aspl " or 

 "aeppel," in Welsh " afal," in Sweden " aeple," in Denmark " able," in ancient Danish " epli," in 

 Germany " apfel," in Old High German " aphol," in Lithuanian " obelis " or " obolys," in Lettonian 

 "ahboli" (Prior), in Bretagne and Cornwall " aval," in Polish " gabion," in Russian " jablon," in 

 Illyrian "jabluka," in Biscay "sagara" (Moritz.), in Italy " melo selvatico " or " meluggino " and the 

 cultivated fruit " mela " or " porno " (Lenz), in Greece " agriomelia " (Sibth.) or by the Turks Tar- 

 tars and Hungarians " alma " (Moritz.), in Egypt "tiffah " (Del.), in which we recognize the WT1 + 

 dphwh of Proverbs xxv. II, — Cant. ii. 3 and viii. 5, and Joel i. 12 : M. sylvestris was observed by 

 Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation on the moun- 

 tains of Yemen ; and fruit was seen by myself at Mocha, worn in turbans for ornament, and as 

 throughout the Arab countries hardly edible, chiefly prized for its odour. Farther North, the " glu- 

 kumalon " of Sappho, and Theocritus xi. 39, is identified by Dioscorides with the " melimela ; " the 

 " melea agria " is mentioned by Theophrastus caus. vi. 24, and Dioscorides ; and M. sylvestris was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece and seldom cultivated. Westward, 

 the " pomum " is mentioned by Cato, by Cicero as pleasant to the sight and taste and also fragrant ; 

 a "sanguineus" blood-red variety is mentioned by Pliny xv. 15, also the blushing "appiana" ob- 

 tained by Appius Claudius grafting on the " cotoneo," and its name continued in the French "pomme 

 d'api " (Pers., and A. Dec.) : to the time of Tacitus 28, the Germans lived partly on " agrestia 

 poma ; " piles or posts of wild apple occur in the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland, also inter- 

 mingled larger fruit of a variety that appears to have been cultivated (Troyon p. 16 to 40, and Heer). 

 M. sylvestris is termed " m. s. fructu valde acerbo " by Tournefort inst. 634 ; is known to grow wild 

 in middle Europe and on Caucasus (Ledeb.), and is cultivated as far as Lat. 64 (A. Dec). East- 

 ward from Caucasus, is called in Sanscrit "seba" (Pidd.), in Hindustanee " seb " (D'roz.) ; was 

 observed by Burns under cultivation in Scinde, by Royle at Cashmere, by Graham "in gardens Bom- 

 bay " but " the Deccan suits better ; " by Bunge in Northern China, and according to Loureiro is 

 called in Chinese "pim-po." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues abundantly cultivated throughout our Northern and Middle States. 



Solanum cordatum of Tropical Arabia. Called there " hadak " (Forsk.), and the PAM hthk of 

 Proverbs xv 19 —and Micah vii. 4, is referred to a prickly Solanum by Abulfadh, and Celsius : the 

 " hadak" is mentioned also by A. A. Elnabati, by Ebn Baitar as growing in Yemen, abounding also 

 in a garden at Mataria near Cairo : S. cordatum was observed by Forskal in Yemen, its stem some- 

 what prickly and berries as large as a pea. 



Solanum sanctum of Nubia, Tropical Arabia, and as far as the Dead Sea^ Called in Nubia 

 "kaderambes" (Del.), in Yemen "beikaman" or " sorsej sahan" Forsk.); and the tree of So o- 

 mon-is identified by Hermes with the " siradsch elkuthrub," mentioned also by Eltamm, and Ebn 

 Baitar- "thgnthra karpophora meleais emphere " at the Taricheas lake, are mentioned by Strabo 

 xvi - 45 • apples of Sodom fair to the eye but when plucked becoming dust and ashes, are men- 



