OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 183 



setigerum " growing throughout the Mediterranean countries is regarded by Moris, and A. Decan- 

 dolle, as its indigenous state. Eastward from Syria, the cultivated form is called in Persian " kook- 

 nar" (Ainsl.), in Hindustanee "koknar" or "post" or "khash khash " (D'roz.), in Sanscrit 

 "khaskhasa" (Pictet, and A. Dec.) ; is known to be " cultivated to a great extent in Malwa" in cen- 

 tral Hindustan, and was observed by Graham " in gardens " around Bombay ; by Bunge p. 4, in 

 Northern China ; by Thunberg, in Japan and called "iesoku," or usually " kes." By European col- 

 onists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a garden flower, and escaping from 

 cultivation has been observed "near dwellings in some places" (A. Gray). 



Cicer urietinum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain chick-pea or chiches (Prior), 

 in France "pois chiche " (Nugent) or "garvance," in Spain " garbanzo," in Illyrian "slanutak" 

 (Mor.), in Germany "kicher," in Italy "cece" or "sisaro" (Lenz), in Greece "rovizia" (Forsk.) or 

 "rSvithi" (Sibth.), in Egypt "melan" and the seeds "homos" (Forsk.); and the KVAMOS described 

 by Homer il. xiii. 589 as rebounding from the winnowing-floor, — may be compared (a name by later 

 generations transferred to a different plant) : the seeds resembling a ram's head, may account for the 

 prejudice of the Egyptians against eating " kuamos " (Herodot. . .. ), and from them adopted by 

 Pythagoras: the "krios firSvinthos " is mentioned by Sophilus, Diocles, Theophrastus viii. 5. 1, 

 Athenaeus ii. 54, and as a second kind by Dioscorides : C. arietinum was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated and springing up spontaneously from Crete to Constantinople ; by 

 Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, abundantly cultivated at the present day in Egypt ; and is 

 known to grow seemingly wild around Caucasus (Pallas, and Ledeb.). Westward, the "cicer" or 

 "cicer arietinum" is mentioned by Horace, Columella, Pliny, Palladius, and Isidorus Hispalensis : 

 C. arietinum is termed " c. sativum flore candido " by Tournefort inst. 389; was observed by Forskal 

 under cultivation near Marseilles; is known to be abundantly cultivated in Italy and Spain, occurring 

 besides in some instances seemingly wild (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz). Eastward from Caucasus, the 

 " eVSvinthos '' was unknown in India when visited by Alexander (Theophr. iv. 4. 9): C. arietinum is 

 called in Sanscrit " chennuka " (Pidd.), in Hindustanee "chenna," in Bengalee "chuna" or " boot- 

 kaley," in Tamil " kadalay " (Drury), in the environs of Bombay " chunna " or " hurburree " according 

 to Graham and " extensively cultivated in some parts of the Deccan and Goozerat for feeding horses," 

 the acid from all parts of the plant found by Christie journ. mad. 13 collected at Madras and used 

 instead of vinegar in curries : was observed by Mason v. 467 " exotic " and cultivated " extensively 

 by the Burmese," and called "ku-lu-bai." By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, 

 where it is said to continue under cultivation; and to Northeast America, where I have found the 

 seeds well known in market in our Middle States. 



■ Lupinns tennis of the West Mediterranean countries. A lupine called in Egyptian " tharmSs " 

 (Kirch.), at the present day in Egypt "termis" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the EPEBI/V®0£ 

 of Homer il. xiii. 589, its seeds rebounding in like manner from the winnowing floor, — mentioned 

 also by Alexis, Polemon, Zeno (Athenaeus ii.), and according to Theophrastus viii. 3. 2 having the 

 most woody stem of all kinds of pulse : " SrSvinthoi 16ukoi " are mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 69, 

 Diocles (Athen. ii. 44), and Theophrastus viii. 5. 1 to 6. 5, and the " SreVinthos " is further distin- 

 guished by him, and Dioscorides, from the " krios £r£vinthos : " L. termis is no longer to be found in 

 Greece, but continues extensively cultivated in Egypt, its seeds eaten, its stems furnishing fuel 

 (Clot-Bey) and the best charcoal for making gunpowder (Forsk., and Del.). Farther East, the seeds 

 imported into Hindustan are called in Hindustanee " turmis " or " baqillae misri," but have no Sanscrit 

 name (Roxb., Pidd., and D'roz.), nor are lupines cultivated (Royle him. 194). Westward from Greece 

 and Egypt, L. termis is known to grow to all appearance wild from Italy and Sicily to Sardinia, 

 Corsica, and Southern Spain (Bertol., Guss., Moris, Boiss., and A. Dec). 



Ranunculus sceleratus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Egypt " zaghlil " and its bruised 

 leaves used against " psoram " (Forsk. p. Iv), in Italy " sardonia " or " sardoa " or " appioriso " (Targ.) : 

 sarcastic smiling EAPAA/VIO/Vis mentioned by Homer od. xx. 303, and convulsive imitation in a dying 

 man perhaps already known to be caused by an herb : — the " sarthonios gedos " is mentioned by Plato 

 polit. i. 317 ; the "sardoa herba" by Virgil; the plant in question is described by Pausanias x. 17 as 

 " selino "-like and growing chiefly about springs; is identified by Oribasius exc. 124, and in Delet. 

 pharm. 14 with a kind of " vatrahiou " that when eaten induces delirium and convulsive movements of 

 the lips like laughter, giving rise to a proverb (compare Atropa belladonna). The fourth kind of 

 "vatrahion" is described by Dioscorides as small, its flower "galaktizon" (in one manuscript 

 "hlofithestSron," and in Pliny "luteo"), and leaves flowers and tender stem applied externally to 

 remove " psdras : " R. sceleratus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in wet places around Smyrna 

 and Constantinople and on mount Haemus ; by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo ; is known to 

 cn-ow also in the Crimea and in Siberia. Westward, is described by Fuchsius . . . , and Gerarde . . ; 

 fs termed "r. palustris apii folio lasvis" by Tournefort inst. 291 ; and is known to grow throughout 

 middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 371, Pers., and Wats.). 



