OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 187 



is applied to its juice ; " ixos " is also mentioned by Dioscorides as the product of a shrub growing 

 on the oak : L. Europaeus was observed by Belon i. 59, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 

 to mount Athos, and by Chaubard growing on the oak ; by Jacquin pi. 30, on oaks in Austria, is 

 known to grow also in Siberia, its berries yellowish (Pers.). Westward, " viscus " birdlime is men- 

 tioned by Plautus, and Juvenal, and the plant producing it by Varro vii. 7, Virgil, and Pliny : L. Euro- 

 paeus is known to grow in Italy (Pollini, and Lenz) ; bird-lime is made from its berries there as well 

 as in Greece, and its wood is sold in the drug-shops under the name of " viscum quernum " (Spreng., 

 and Lenz). Farther South, "viscum quercinum " was found by Forskal employed medicinally in 

 Egypt. 



Boletus igniarius of Northern climates. A kind of spunk or woody mushroom called in Germany 

 " zunderschwamm " or " feuerschwamm " (translated by Grieb German tinder and " schwammbuchse " 

 tinder-box), in Italy " lingua cattiva " or " esca" (Lenz), in Greece " £ska" (Fraas) or " iska " (Sibth.), 

 and possibly the " viscum " attributed to Hesiod by Pliny, and the Aeolic " viskos ; " the verb " isk6 " 

 to assimilate, seems also connected with this plant : — " muketSs " growing on oaks on and near the 

 roots, are mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 7. 5 ; B. igniarius was observed by Sibthorp in the Pelo- 

 ponnesus, and by Fraas on oaks. Westward, "ignis esca" is mentioned by Livy; B. igniarius is 

 termed " agaricus pedis equini facie " by Tournefort inst. 562 ; is known to grow in Italy and through- 

 out middle and Northern Europe (Bull. h. fr., and Sowerb. pi. 132). 



Marsdenia erecta of the East Mediterranean countries. An Asclepiaceous plant called in Greece 

 " psophios " (Fraas) ; and the " ippomanSs " of Hesiod — is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the 

 "apokunon," described by Dioscorides as a shrub with long tough branches and pod-like fruit, its 

 leaves full of yellow juice and mixed in bait to kill dogs, foxes, wolves, and panthers, and referred 

 here by writers : in the added Synonyms the " apokunon " is identified with the " kunomoron " or 

 " kunokramve," and under these three names is mentioned by Galen fac. simpl. vi. p. 835 : M. erecta 

 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; 

 is known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, the "paralusis" of the prophets, or " kunokram- 

 ven " or " kunoktonon " or " kunaghon " or " parthaliagh£s " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the " vrassika roustika " or " kanina " of the Romans ; the account of the " apocyni " by Pliny xxiv. 

 58 seems in part taken from Dioscorides, but he adds medicinal uses of the seeds : M. erecta is 

 described by Matthioli p. 774 (Spreng.) ; and is termed " apocynum folio subrotundo " by Tournefort 

 inst. 92. In experiments made in 1580, the seeds according to Clusius hist. i. p. 126 proved fatal to 

 dogs. (See Doronicum pardalianches and Delphinium peregrinum). 



Scolymus Hispanicus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany "golddistel" (Lenz), 

 in Greece " kfiphalaggatho " (Forsk.) or " skolumvros " or " skolumos " (Sibth.), in Egypt " laelech " 

 (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the SKOVVMOE of Hesiod op. 580 flowering in the hot season, — 

 mentioned also by Alcaeus, Eratosthenes, Xenocrates ; by Numenius, and Athenaeus ix. 12, as edi- 

 ble ; termed " phullakanthos " by Theophrastus vi. 4, its edible root becoming milky ; and according 

 to Dioscorides, the young plant eaten as greens: S. Hispanicus was observed by Belon i. 18, and 

 Sibthorp (Walp. p. 245), eaten in Greece ; and by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from 

 the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Farther South, is called " hnous " in Egyptian (Syn. Diosc.) ; 

 and was observed by Forskal p. 145, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. Westward, the 

 " skolumos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " stouvouloum " of the Romans ; is described by 

 Pliny xxi. 56 as flowering late and during the remainder of the season successively, its leaves losing in 

 drying the power of pricking : S. Hispanicus was observed by Clusius hist. ii. p. 153 in Spain, the 

 root and young plant eaten ; by Desfontaines, in Barbary ; is termed •' s. chrysanthemus " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 480 ; is known to grow also in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). . 



Scolymus maculatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " asproagkatha " or 

 "skolumvros" (Fraas), in Egypt " lehlah " (Del.), and included perhaps in the "skolumos" of 

 Hesiod, — for the young leaves were found by Fraas eaten in Greece : S. maculatus was observed by 

 him, and Sibthorp, from Zacynthus throughout Greece and the Greek islands to Smyrna ; by Hassel- 

 quist, in Palestine ; and by Delile, in Lower Egypt. Westward, is included by Clusius with the pre- 

 ceding species, and both observed in Spain, as appears from his figures (Spreng.) ; is distinguished 

 as "s. chrysanthemus annuus" by Tournefort inst. 480 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Por- 

 tugal, and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz). 



Alcea rosea, of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rose mallow (Nugent) or 

 hollihock, by Huloet diet, "holy hoke," by old writers "alcea hortulana " (Prior), in France "passe- 

 rose" (Nugent), in Greece " molohe emera " or " thenthromoWhe " (Sibth.), and possibly included 

 in the M AV AXH of Hesiod op. 41 : — the garden kind is mentioned by Diphilus Siphnius (Spreng.) ; 

 and " malahai " perishing in the garden, by Moschus iii. 106 : A. rosea was observed by Forskal, Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and mountains of Crete to the Dardanelles, cultivated 

 besides for its flowers which are used medicinally. Westward, the " malache " or " moloche " whose 



