OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 89 



"jius" of C. E. Luka, and "jauwz" of Ebn Baitar: the "karua" is mentioned by Epicharmus, 

 Sophocles, and Philyllius (Athen. ii. 38) ; " karua pSrsike " by Theophrastus iii. 6. 2 to 14. 4, identi- 

 fied by Dioscorides with " k. vasilika," and the Greek name is quoted by Pliny xv. 24 as evidence 

 that the tree came from Persia : the " thios valanos " is mentioned by Diodes (Athen. ii. 42) ; " ju- 

 glandium " shells were employed by Dionysius of Syracuse (Cic. tusc. v. 20. 58), and the "juglans" 

 or " jovis glans " is mentioned by Varro, Virgil, and Palladius : J. regia is described by Bauhin 

 (Pers.) ; is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as " Lat. 56 " (A. 

 Dec.) ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, cultivated in Greece and perhaps naturalized ; by Clot- 

 Bey, in Egypt, recently introduced ; by Belon, and Hasselquist, in Palestine. Farther East, the sap 

 is collected and employed medicinally in Circassia (Spencer, and Lindl.) ; the tree is known to grow 

 wild Southward of Caucasus, and in the mountain forest of Talusch (Ledeb., and C. A. Mey.) ; and 

 according to Roxburgh on the mountains North and Northeast of Hindustan and in Sanscrit called 

 "ukshadu," or according to Piddington "unkotha;" was observed by Bunge p. 62 here and there in 

 Northern China. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where in our Middle 

 States I have found it producing nuts of good quality. 



Lawsonia alba of Hindustan. A shrub called in the gardens of Egypt and Yemen " henna " 

 (Forsk.), in Nubia " kofreh " (Del.), in which we recognize the SIX kphr cultivated in Palestine 

 according to Canticles i. 14 and iv. 13 : — the "kupros " is mentioned by Theophrastus odor. 5 to 6, 

 by Dioscorides as a woody plant growing at Canopus and Ascalon, by Plinv xii. 51 as growing as far 

 as Cyprus : "phoinissan tS n£en kupron " is mentioned by Antipater (Meleag. cor. i. 42) ; the oint- 

 ment prepared from the leaves, by Posidonius, Celsus, Paulus Aegineta, by Dioscorides as turning 

 the hair yellow (a practice unknown to Lucan iii. 238, but mentioned by Tertullian c. foem. ii. 6) : 

 mummies have been discovered having the finger-nails stained with henna; L alba is described by 

 Abul Fadli (Spreng.) ; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt ; by 

 Rauwolf, in Palestine ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; by myself, the fresh powdered leaves 

 brought to market at Mocha and universally used by the Arab population. Eastward, Onesicritus, 

 and Nearchus, found the Kathaians staining their beards "white, red, purple, and green " (Strab. xv., 

 and Arr.) : L. alba is called in Hindustanee "mayndie,'' in Telinga "goounta chettoo," in Tamil 

 "maroodanie" (Drury) ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 40 in Malabar; by Graham, "very common 

 in gardens as a hedge plant" in the environs of Bombay; by myself, under cultivation there and the 

 powdered leaves used even by the Hindu population ; was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of 

 Hindustan: by Mason v. 409 and 513, "exotic" in Burmab and called "dan," extensively cultivated, 

 the "beautiful orange" dye from the leaves beat up with catechu and used by females to stain the 

 finger ends : by Blanco, at Manila, but no native names are given. 



Aquilaria agallocha of Tropical Eastern Asia. The imported product is called in English lign- 

 aloes or aloes wood (Lindl.), in Egyptian " tshenlavos " (lex. Oxf.) ; and the tl V 3 V aelwd of Canti- 

 cles iv. 14, — giving out perfume according to Psalm xlv. 8, or the "aloen" of John xix. 39, is 

 referred here by writers : "agallohon " (a combination of two of its Pali and Sanscrit names "agalu " 

 and "lauha," Royle, and Mason) brought from Arabia and India according to Dioscorides, is men- 

 tioned also by Pliny, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius, Isidorus, and Paulus Aegineta ; '■ aghlajoon " or 

 "indian ud," by Rhazes, Serapion, Avicenna, Ebn Baitar, and Persian medical writers : lign aloes 

 was seen by Baumgarten iii. 4 at Damascus, by Alpinus in Egypt, and accoiding to Forskal mat. med. 

 is called there " oud kakaji." Eastward, is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "ugoor" (Lindl ), is 

 the wood of a large forest-tree in Sylhet on the Eastern border of Hindustan (Roxb.) ; is called 

 according to Mason v. p. 499 in Burmah "a-kyau," and grows along the Tenasserim coast on the 

 Mero-ui Isles, but the Selungs "as they profit by the trade endeavour to keep all in ignorance ; " was 

 observed by Bontius near Malacca ; by Marco Polo 75 " leigne aloe " in Cochinchina, observed there 

 also by Loureiro ; and by Rumphius ii. 30, on the Moluccas (Spreng.). 



Curcuma longa of the Malayan Archipelago. The imported product is called in English tur- 

 meric (Lindl.), in Armenian "khekhrym " (Gesen.), and as cultivated in Yemen " kurkum " (Forsk.); 

 in which we recognize the "~l X 1 X krkm of Canticles iv. 14 : — the " kupeirou " of India, resembling 

 ginger according to Dioscorides i. 4, saffron-coloured and bitter when chewed, the ointment removing 

 hair, an accounf repeated by Pliny xxi. 70, is referred here by writers : imported turmeric was seen by 

 Alpi'nus iv. 13 in Egypt ; and by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of Yemen. East- 

 ward, C. longa is called in Hindustanee "zardchob" or "pitras" or "haldi," in Bengalee "halud" or 

 "har'idra" (D'roz.), in Telinga "pasoopoo," in Tamil "munjel" (Drury) ; was observed by Rheede 

 xi. pi. 11 in Malabar; by Gibson and Graham, cultivated "in Bombay" and "the richer villages of the 

 Deccan," the roots "much used for culinary purposes," also medicinally; by Roxburgh, under culti- 

 vation around Calcutta; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah and called "hsa-nwen;" by Loureiro, in 

 Cochinchina ; by Blanco, well known to the natives throughout the Philipoines and called in Tagalo 

 "dilao," in Bisaya "dulao" or "calavaga" or "quinamboi," in Pampango "angai." An unguent of 



