I90 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



the pounded roots according to Rumphius v. p. 166 rubbed by the Javanese all over their bodies as a 

 preservative against cutaneous diseases ; a practice among the Polynesians in former times, even 

 among the Hawaiians, and I remarked the plant itself introduced and naturalized throughout the Fee- 

 jeean, Samoan, and Taheitian groups. 



955 B. C. (=975 y- 8 mo. — "21 years" of both Maneth. tables), S£s6ghis suc- 



| ceeded by Os6rth6n, second king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king 



I Osarkon occurs on the great temple at Bubastis, on a vase (at one time owned by the 



Roman Claudia family), and on a papyrus. He continued the great unfinished hall at 



Karnak. 



Orpheus according to Pliny xxv. 5 was the first to note the properties of plants (referring to some 

 Orphic poem hardly earlier than this date) : the scene of one at least of the poems attributed to 

 Orpheus is clearly Egypt ; and the personal existence of such a poet is denied by Aristotle an. i. 5. 



Daucus carota of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carrot, in France 

 " carrotte " (Prior), in Germany " mohre," in Italy " carota " and the wild kind " pastinaca selvatica " 

 (Lenz), in Greece "karotta" or " agria thaukia " (Fraas) or "staphulona " (Sibth.), in Egypt amd 

 Yemen "djazar" (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the "staphylino" said to be "amatorium" by 

 Orpheus (Plin. xx. 15) : the name seems derived from the ancient use of red chalk, and in the addi- 

 tion to Homer il. ii. 765 " staphule " signifies a mark: — the " staphulinos " plant is mentioned by 

 Dieuches, Philistion, Phanias of Eresus, Diodes, Cleophantus, Athenaeus ; the "staphulinos agrios," 

 by Theophrastus, the purple floret in the centre of its white umbels noted by Dioscorides ; and the 

 "karoton" is mentioned by Athenaeus : D. carota was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna ; by Abd-allatif i. 

 6, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt and the seeds used as aphrodisiac ; by 

 Forskal, seemingly wild on the mountains of Yemen; is known to occur also in Abyssinia (A. Rich.). 

 Westward, the "staphulinos agrios" is identified in Syn. Diosc. withjthe " karotam " or "pastinaka" 

 of the Romans, by Pliny xxv. 64 with the "pastinacam erraticam ; " the "pastinaca" is mentioned by 

 Hyginus, by Columella, and Pliny xix. 27, as cultivated, and the "carota" is mentioned by Apicius 

 iii. 2t : D. carota was observed by Forskal on Malta, as well as near Marseilles ; is known to occur 

 cultivated and seemingly wild in Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden 

 (Pers., Munby, and Fries). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to occur throughout Siberia as far 

 as Kamtschatka (Ledeb.); is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "gajar" (D'roz.), was observed in 

 Hindustan by Roxburgh, by Gibson and Graham "a staple article of food in the Eastern parts of the 

 Deccan during the cold season ; " is known to occur also in Cochinchina and China (Dec.) ; in Japan, 

 everywhere cultivated and called " kofuk," or usually "nisji" or " iabu nensin " (Kaempf., and 

 Thunb.); on the Loo Choo Islands (Beech y) ; on Timor (Decsne) ; and may therefore have been 

 carried by Malays and Polynesians to Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. Clearly 

 by European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the West Indies (A. Dec); to Northeast America, 

 where it continues abundantly cultivated and in the dry-rooted form naturalized ; to Patagonia and 

 Chili (observed by myself); and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Sown in rich soil according to 

 Vilmorin, the root after successive generations becomes fleshy and edible, and in this form trans- 

 ferred to barren soil relapses in the course of generations into its original dry-rooted state. The root 

 and seeds are enumerated by Lindlcy as employed medicinally. 



Mentha aquatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wafer mint 

 (Bacon), in Germany " wasserminze," in Italy "menta" (Lenz), in Greece with other species 

 " ethiasmo " or " ethuosmos " (Fraas), in Egyptian " tis " or " phgrthroumonthou " or " pgrxd " or 

 "makithS" (Syn. Diosc); in which we recognize the " minlhe " changed according to Orphic 

 poems from a fruit-bearing large tree to a barren plant — (etym. gud. p. 39s), identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "ethuosmos," the name changed by the Greeks (according to Pliny xix. 47) on 

 account of the fragrance : " ethuosmou rizan " is prescribed in Int affect. 33 ; and the " ethuosmon " 

 of Theophrastus vii. 7. 1 may also be compared : M. aquatica was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, frequent along streams from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna; is enumerated by Clot-Bey 

 Figari as long known in Egypt (i. e. in gardens). Westward, the " ethuSsmos " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "mSntha" or "n£pgtam" of the Romans; "the "nepetam" whose root is used 

 medicinally is placed in the same genus with the " mentam " by Pliny xix. 47 and xx. 56: M aqua- 

 tica is termed "m. rotundifolia palustris seu aquatica major" by Tournefort inst. 189, "m. palustris " 

 by Miller, " m. hirsuta" by Linna;us (Steud.) ; and is known to grow wild in Italy and throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 638, Engl. bot. pi. 447, and Pers.). According to 

 Bacon in his essay on gardens, the flowers "which perfume the air most delightfully" on "beinc 

 trodden upon and crushed are three, that is burnet, wild thyme, and water mints, therefore you are 

 to set whole alleys of them : " M. aquatica is among the species enumerated by Lindley as having 

 "been in repute as stomachics and emmenagogues." (See M. rotundifolia and M. arvensis). 



