I 96 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



869 B. C. = " 2d year of Pekhi " or Pamai, on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 



One hundred and third generation. May 1st, 867, mostly beyond youth : 



865 B. C. (859 y. 4 mo. + "7th year" of Phoenician annals in Jos. c. A.), accession at Tyre of 

 Pygmalion as Phoenician king ; aged nine (= " 56 — 47 "), and who reigned " forty-seven " years. 



About 861 B. C. (= 981 — " 120 years " of Veil. Paterc. i. 7), a date for Hesiod, possibly mark- 

 ing that of some of the Hesiodic poems. The Theogony at least seems included in the alleged 

 derivation of Greek mythology from Homer and Hesiod not more than " four hundred " years before 

 Herodotus ii. 53. 



859 B. C. (= 1002 y. 1 16^5- d. — " 143 y. 8 mo." of Phoenician annals in Jos. c. A.), Carthage 

 founded by Elissa also called' Dido, a fugitive sister of Pygmalion. (The date is confirmed by the 

 silence of Homer respecting Carthage, and by the Phoenicians under Cambyses refusing to make 

 war against their Carthaginian descendants, Herodot. iii. 19). 



Glaucium lateum of the seashore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as the Baltic. Called 

 in Britain sea poppy or horned poppy (Prior), in Italy " papavero marino " or " papavero cornuto " 

 (Lenz), in Greece " ualopikra " (Fraas); in which we recognize the " mek&n keratitis" identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " sisimaka " of the Numidians : —the " mek6n keratitis " is mentioned by The- 

 ophrastus ix. 12 ; by Dioscorides as growing on the seashore, the flowers yellowish, and the fruit 

 long and curved like a horn ; G. luteum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on 

 the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the " mekdn keratitis " or " paralion " or 

 "agrian mekdna " or " thalassion " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " pavouloum mari- 

 noum " of the Romans ; the wild " papaver " called " ceratitin " or " paralion " or " glaucion " is 

 mentioned by Pliny xx. 78 as growing on the seashore ; G. luteum is described by Tragus 46 ; is 

 termed " g. flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 254 ; and is known to grow in Italy, and along the Atlan- 

 tic as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 585, Wahl. p. 1082, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was car- 

 ried to Northeast America, where according to A. Gray it continues in " waste places, Maryland and 

 Virginia, not common.'' 



Erodium malachoides of the Mediterranean countries. A species of heron's bill called in Egypt 

 "djarna " or " garna " (Forsk.), the seeming origin of the Greek word " geranion : '' the " g£ranion 

 6te>6n," identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " iSgk " or perhaps " iSsk " of the Numidians, — and de- 

 scribed by Dioscorides as of no medicinal use, having projections resembling a crane's head and bill, 

 and " malahe "-like leaves, is referred here by Sibthorp : E. malachoides was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Cyprus ; by Fors- 

 kal p. 123, and Dclile, in Egypt, extending into the Desert and sought as feed by sheep, goats, and 

 camels. Westward, the account of the " geranion " of the Greeks with leaves somewhat " candidiori- 

 bus " than those of " malvae " seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : E. malachoides is described 

 by Matthioli p. 624 (Spreng.) ; is termed "g. folio althaea" by Tournefort inst. 268 ; was observed by 

 Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and on the Canary Islands (Cav. iv. 

 pi. 91, and Pers.). 



Geranium tuberosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " kaloge'ros " (Fraas), 

 and the ''geranion" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "i£sk£" of the Numidians, — mentioned also 

 by Theophrastus, . . Athenaeus, Paulus Aegineta, by Dioscorides as having a roundish sweet 

 edible root and " anemone "-like leaves, is referred here by writers : G. tuberosum was observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, a frequent weed in cultivated ground. 

 Westward, the " geranion " with " anemones " leaves is mentioned together with additional medicinal 

 properties by Pliny xxvi. 68 and 90 ; G. tuberosum is described by Matthioli, Anguillara, Dodoens, 

 and Lobel; is termed "g. tuberosum majus " by Tournefort inst. 267; and is known to occur in 

 Dalmatia and Italy (Cav. iv. pi. 7.8, Pers., and Spreng.). 



Tragium Columnae of the Mediterranean countries. The '' tragi on alio" identified in. Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "ahoiosim" of the Numidians or ''sever" of the Egyptians, — growing according 

 to Dioscorides in mountainous and precipitous situations, its leaves in autumn emitting a goat-like 

 odour, is referred here by Columna, and Sprengel : T. Columnae was observed in Greece by Link, 

 and Gittard (Bory). Westward, the " tragion alio" or " tragok£r6s " or "skorpion" or "garganon" 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "salia" of the Dacians, and "kornoulaka " or " vitoufinsa" of 

 the Romans ; T. Columnae was observed by Columna phyt. pi. 17 in Italy, and by Villars ii. p. 605 

 in Southern France (Pers.). 



Bunium ferulaceitm of the East Mediterranean countries. Called by the Turks " topana," a 

 name adopted by the Greeks (Sibth.), and the "giggithion" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " tirikta " of the Numidians or " thorusastrou " of the Egyptians or "athoriou"of the Syrians, — 

 produced according to Dioscorides chiefly in Syria and Cilicia, a little herb resembling "staphulind 

 agri6," its whitish and bitterish root eaten both crude and cooked; mentioned also by Galen fac. 

 alim. ii. p. 640, and Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : B. ferulaceum is termed " bulbocastanum 



