OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



197 



creticum ferula folio semine oblongo " by Tournefort cor. 21 ; was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated 

 ground on Cyprus, its root cooked and eaten. Westward, the "giggithion" or "lepithion" is identi- 

 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the " visakoutoum " of the Romans ; but seems known to Pliny xx. 16 only 

 as cultivated in Syria, much resembling " staphylino " and possessing the same properties. 



Euphorbia apios of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " hamaiputhia " (Belon) or 

 "phlomaki" (Sibth.) : the "apios" or "ishas" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "thorphath sathe" 

 of the Numidians, — and mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 9. 5, by Dioscorides as a low plant with 

 a pear-shaped root whose upper portion is emetic and the lower purgative, the whole producing 

 combined effects, is referred here by writers : E. apios was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, on the mountains of Crete and Greece, its root to the present day employed among the peas- 

 antry for the purposes described by Dioscorides. Westward, the "apios'' or " hamaivalanon " or 

 " linozdstin " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rathix silvestris " of the Romans ; the account 

 by Pliny xxvi. 46 of the "apios ischas " or "raphanos agria" or " raphanum silvestrem " seems 

 chiefly taken from Dioscorides; E. apios is described by Clusius hist. ii. pi. 190; and is termed 

 "tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice " by C. Bauhin pin. 292, and Tournefort inst. 87. 



Thelygonum cynocrambe of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "tzingaki" or 

 " xinkohorton " (Sibth.) or " xungiohorton " (= axungia, Fraas); and the " kunia " identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " armas " or " asoumSslavon '' of the Numidians, — and described by Diosco- 

 rides as two span high, tender and whitish, with small round fruit close to the leaves, is referred here 

 by Honorius Bellus : the " kunia " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kunokramve " or 

 "linozSstis agria arren: " T. cynocrambe was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in shaded 

 rock-clefts in Crete and Southern Greece. Westward, is described by Bauhin prodr. 59, and Bar- 

 relier pi. 335 ; is termed " cynocrambe Dioscoridis " by Tournefort cor. 52, " t. alsinoideum " by 

 Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in other parts of 

 Southern Europe (Pers.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, is said to occur also in the East 

 Indies (Pers). 



Crepis biennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " sithilSas " of the Numidians 

 — identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " soghiten " of the Greeks and " lampouka " of the Romans, 

 also the kind of wild " lactuca " called " hieraciam " by Pliny xx. 26, and the " lactuca sylvatica " 

 of Apuleius Barbarus, are referred here by Fuchsius pi. 319, and Matthioli : C. biennis was observed 

 by Matthioli pi. frequent in Italy; is termed "hieracium maximum chondrillae folio asperum " by 

 Tournefort inst. 470; is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and 

 Engl. bot. pi. 149). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in the district around Con- 

 stantinople. 



Scorzonera laciniata? of the Mediterranean countries. The " sithile'sathe' of the Numidians, — 

 also called " soghiten " by the Greeks, and further identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "i<5raki6n 

 mikron " of Dioscorides and " intuvoum agre"st£m " of the Romans, is referred here by Fuchsius pi. 

 320, and Matthioli: S. laciniata was observed by Matthioli pi. frequent in Italy; is termed " s. lacini- 

 atis foliis " by Tournefort inst. 477 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., 

 Jacq. austr. pi. 356, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to 

 Constantinople. 



Chrysocoma linosyris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain goldilocks 

 (Prior), in Germany " goldhaar," in Italy " spilli d'oro di foglia stretta " (Lenz); in which we recog- 

 nize the " hrusokome " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "thouvath" or " vourhoumath " of the 

 Numidians, — and described by Dioscorides as a span high, growing in stony and shaded places : 

 C. linosyris was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the "hruso- 

 kome " or " hrusitis " or "hrusanthSmon " or "amaranton " or "thios p6gSn " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "iovis varva " of the Romans; the " chrysocome " or "chrysitis" is said by Pliny 

 xxi. 26 and 85 to have no Latin name; C. linosyris was observed in Italy by Columna ecphr. i. p. 81 ; 

 is described also by C. Bauhin ; is termed " conyza linariae folio " by Tournefort inst. 455 ; and is 

 known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 2505). 



Plantago psyllium of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "psullohorton " (Sibth.) ; 

 in which we recognize the " psullion " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " ouargougoum " of the 

 Numidians, — and described by Dioscorides as growing in waste and cultivated ground, its seeds 

 resembling fleas, mentioned also by Galen : P. psyllium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, a frequent weed in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus through- 

 out the Greek islands to Constantinople. Farther South, seeds were observed by Forskal mat. med. 

 p. 167, and Delile, in the drug-shops of Egypt and called "qotneh," in which we recognize the 

 "kutuna" of Rhazes, and " kuthuna seeds" of Ebn Baitar. Westward, the "psullion" or "psul- 

 lens"or " kataphusis " or " krustallion " or "kunokephalion" or "kunomuna" or " sikSliStikon " 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " konithiis " of the Sicilians, and " silvakioum " or "erva 



