I9§ CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



poulikaria " of the Romans ; the " psyllium " is mentioned by Celsus v. 2, and is identified by Pliny 

 xxv. 90 with the " cynoides " or " cynomyiam " or " sicelicon " growing in vineyards; P. psyllium 

 is termed "p. majus erectum" by Tournefort inst. 128, and is known to grow in Barbary and in 

 various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). The seeds according to Lindley, "are peculiarly mucila- 

 ginous " and " a good substitute for linseed or marsh mallows." 



Potamogeton densus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Br\ta.\a frog 1 s lettuce 

 (Prior): the "astirkok" of the Numidians, — identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " thursion " or 

 " alimoktonon " or "potamogjitdn StSros " having leaves resembling those of the beet but thinner, 

 more elongate, and more numerous, and slender stems loaded with reddish fruit astringent to 

 the taste, may be compared : P. densus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 

 streams of the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " potamog£it6n StSros " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "koathama" of the Dacians, " taurouk " of the Gauls, and " venai pholioum " or "Srvag6" 

 or " glathiatoriam " of the Romans ; P. densus is described by Linnasus, and is known to grow 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 397. See P. crispus). 



851 B. C. (= 880 — "29 years" of Apollod., Diodor. and Euseb. i. p. 166), Doryssus succeeded 

 by his son Agesilaus as one of the two Spartan kings ; the sixth in the Agid line. 



The same year (= 877 y. 3i7f$$ d. — " 28 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. x. 36), Jehu suc- 

 ceeded by his son Jehoahaz, eleventh king of Israel. 



Anacyndaraxes or Acrazanes, father of Sardanapallus, reigning in Assyria — (Anchial. inscript., 

 Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.). 



At Nineveh, a gate of the Khorsabad palace fastened by "a huge wooden lock" — which is 

 further described by Bonomi nin. iv. 1 as " like those still used in the East." The " mfth " of Isaiah 

 xxii. 22 is further identified with the Egyptian "muftah," the large wooden key belonging to these 

 locks. 



In the sculptures at Khorsabad, an umbrella is figured — (Botta pi. 113). Umbrellas are also 

 figured at Nimroud (Bonom. nin. iv. 2) ; and were observed by myself in paintings on the walls of 

 the ancient caves at Adjunta in Hindustan. 



At Khorsabad also, a battering-ram is figured, in use against a city wall — (Bonom. nin. iv. 1). 

 Also at Khorsabad, the punishment of imp tlement is represented — (Botta pi. 55, and Bonom. 

 nin iv. t). This barbarous punishment was sometimes employed by Darius (Herodot. thai. 159); 

 and continues in use among the Persians and Turks. 



Pinus sylvestris of Northern Europe and Asia, and mountains farther South. Called in Britain 

 Scotch fir from growing on the mountains of Scotland (Prior), in Germany " kiefer " (Grieb), in 

 France " pin sauvage " (Fe'e), in Italy " pino montano " or " pino selvatico " (Lenz) ; occurring in the 

 buried submarine forests along the coast of France and Britain (Austen geol. soc. vi. p. 97); and "in 

 Assyrian sculptures a fir-cone is the symbol of fire " — (Prior) : the " pitus agria " growing according 

 to Theophrastus iii. 1 on the mountains of Macedonia, is referred here by writers ; and the "pinus 

 " silvestris " of Pliny xvi. 17 may in part belong here : P. sylvestris occurs in the debris of ancient 

 lake-villages in Switzerland (Troyon) ; is termed " p. s. vulgaris Genevensis " by Tournefort inst. 

 586 ; was observed by Forskal on mountains not far from Marseilles ; is known to grow in North 

 Italy and throughout Northern Europe as far as Lat. 70 (A. Dec, and Lenz), also in Siberia (Pers.); 

 was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus ; and by Thunberg, in Japan. 



The same year = " 20th year of Pamai " death of the Apis or sacred bull that was born in the 

 " 28th year of Sesonk III.," aged " 26 years " — (Birch) . 



The accession therefore of Sesonk IV., ninth and last king of the Twenty-second 

 dynasty, not earlier than this date. His name occurs on contemporaneous monuments 

 — (Leps. k. pi. 46). 



S48 B. C. (= 1071 — "80 — 49 — 49— 45 years" of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. 

 i. p. [66), accession of Charilaus grandson of Prytanis, as sixth Spartan king in the 

 Proclid line ; under the guardianship of his uncle Lycurgus. 



The same year = " 4th year of Sesonk IV.," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 

 841 B. C. (= 827 -\- " 14 years," Pauth. p. 104), the Chinese emperor Li-wang, on account of 

 his cruelties, expelled from the throne, and the government conducted by ministers. 



The same year (= S22 -f- " 19 years" of Castor, Euseb., and Syncell.), at Athens, Diognetus 

 succeeded by his son Pherecles, eighth archon for life. 



The same year = " 1 ith year of Sesonk IV.,'' death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 

 "837 B. C. = 42d year of Li-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-first cycle. 

 836 B. C. (= 816 -}- " 20 years " of Euseb. 1. and ii., and Syncell), accession of Sardanapallus, 

 son of Anacyndaraxes, as Assyrian emperor. 



The city of Anchiale, not far from Tarsus, founded by Sardanapallus ; according to a monument 

 there bearing his sculptured portrait with an inscription in Assyrian letters (described and quoted 



