200 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



identified further in Syn. Diosc. with the " vlehros " of Theophrastus caus. i. 7. 5, and others : M. 

 pulegium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in vineyards and fallow ground 

 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Alpinus, and Delile, in Egypt ; is known 

 to grow also as far as Caucasus (Lindl.). Westward, the " glehon " or " vlehron " or "arsSnikan- 

 thon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " alvolon " or " gallis opsis " of the Gauls, " apolgioum " 

 of the Numidians, "polgioum " of the Romans; and the "pulejum" or "pulegium" is mentioned 

 by Varro, Cicero, and Pliny: M. pulegium is termed "m. aquatica seu pulegium vulgare " by 

 Tournefort inst. 189; was observed by Forskal under cultivation on Malta; is known to grow wild 

 in Italy (Lenz), and from Teneriffe and Gibraltar throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., 

 Engl. bot. pi. 1026, and Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America before 

 1669 (Jossel.), but has disappeared (excluded by substituting the medicinal use of the indigenous 

 Hedeoma pulegioides) ; to Chili, where it has become naturalized (Lindl.). As in the days of Dios- 

 corides, the plant continues in high repute as emmenagogue (Spreng., and Pereir.). 



Gladiolus communis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens corn flag or 

 com sedge or sword-grass (Ainsw,), in France " glayeul " (Nugent), in Germany " siegwurz," in Italy 

 " pancaciulo " or " gladiolo " (Lenz), in Greece " spathohorton " (Fraas) or " agriokorkoros " (Sibth.) ; 

 and the AAAAAIAA8 of the Hymn to Ceres, — or "agallis" of Nicander fr. 2, maybe compared: 

 the "phasganon" called "xiphos " from resembling a sword, its root edible, is mentioned by Theo- 

 phrastus vi. 8. I and vii. 13. 1 ; by Dioscorides, as growing mostly in cultivated ground, having nerved 

 sword-shaped leaves, and a row of purple flowers ; by Athenaeus xv. 31, as planted on graves of vir- 

 gins : G. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground 

 at the opening of spring from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the "xiphion " or "phas- 

 ganon " or " mahairSnion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " s£g£tal£m " or "glathioloum " of 

 the Romans ; the "gladiolus " is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 38 to 68, Isidorus, and in the Ortus Sanita- 

 tis 211 : G. communis is termed " g. fioribus uno versu dispositis, major et procerior, flore purpuro- 

 rubente " by Tournefort inst. 365 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur 

 in Barbary, Italy, and other parts of Southern Europe (Mill., and Pers.). 



830 B. C. (= 848 — " 18 years" of schol. Plat. rep. x. p. 419 and of Suidas, Eusebius' numbers 

 placing the event two years later), end of the regency of Lycurgus. 



"828 B. C." (Callim., Jul. Afr., and Clint, i. p. 140 and ii. p. 500 = 803 -f- "25 years" of the 

 Euseb.-Maneth. table = 1417 — " 194 — 172 — 130 — 49 — 44 years " of the Armenian Euseb.- 

 Maneth. table = "51 — 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — 135 — 130 — 120 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. 

 table), at the command of the Delphic Oracle, and after sending an embassy to Egypt (Herodot. ii. 

 160), the Olympian games restored by Iphitus king of Elis : co-operating with Lycurgus, then or 

 recently regent at Sparta (see Hermipp., Plut., and Athen. xiv. p. 635). 



The "disk of Iphitus" bearing an inscription — was preserved for some centuries; and is 

 referred to by Aristotle and others, as an example of " ancient writing." 



An agallis arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain red pimpemell or from its 

 flowers closing before rain poor man's wea/l/er-glns (Prior), in Germany "gauchheil," in Italy "cen- 

 tonchio" or " erba grisettina" or "anagallide" (Lenz), in Greece " perthikoule " (Sibth.) or " kor- 

 hestra" (Fraas), by the prophets "aima ophthalmou " or " hfilithonion " (Syn. Diosc); and the 

 "korhoros" from its bitterness the subject of a proverb — according to Theophrastus vii. 7. 2, its 

 leaves "6kim6the's," may be compared: the " anagallis " is mentioned in Ulc. 879; is described by 

 Dioscorides as " k£hum£na £pi ges " diffuse, and the red-flowered kind is distinguished : A. arvensis 

 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated and fallow ground from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople, and according to Fraas eaten as greens ; was observed by Forskal, 

 and Delile, in Egypt; was received from both Egypt and Abyssinia by Decandolle ; is known to orow 

 also on mount Sinai (Decsne), and about Caucasus (Ledeb.). Westward, the red-flowered "anagal- 

 lis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " Mrkeraphr&n " of the Dacians, "sapana" of the Gauls, 

 "masitip6s" of the Tuscans, and "makia" of the Romans; the " anagallida mas flore phoeniceo " is 

 distinguished by Pliny xxv. 92 : A. arvensis is described by Lyte ; is termed " a. phoeniceo flore " by 

 Tournefort inst. 142 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to 

 occur in cultivated ground as far as Sweden (Vill. dauph. ii. 461, Pers., and Fries). Eastward from 

 Caucasus, is known to grow in Siberia (Ledeb.) ; also in Persia, employed there to prevent cataract 

 in eyes of horses (S. G. Gmel. trav. iii. 349, and Spreng.) ; along the Himalayan mountains to Cash- 

 mere and Nepaul (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, purple-flowered ; and by Beechey, 

 on the Loo Choo Islands (Hook.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the Azores 

 (Barcl., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized in open situations in our 

 Atlantic States ; to Mexico (Berland.) and California, observed by myself naturalized around San 

 Francisco Bay; to Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chili (Saint-Hil., A. Dec, and Poepp.); to Austral 

 Africa (Dec), the Mauritius Islands (Boj.), Australia (Dec), and New Zealand (Raoul). The plant 

 as appears from Lindley continues in medicinal use. 



