OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 2 OI 



Anagallis latifolia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Yemen " choda " (Forsk ) by the 

 prophets " nuktentis," in Egyptian " mikiSi " (Syn. Diosc.) ; and the " korhoros " of the proverb - 

 is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the blue-flowered "anagallis :» the "korkoron » is mentioned 

 by Aristophanes vesp. 239 as cooked and eaten ; is also mentioned by Nicander ther. 626 to 864 and 

 Hephaestion : the blue-flowered « anagallis," said to differ in some of its medicinal properties is 

 mentioned by D.oscorides, Archigenes, and Galen comp. med. ix. 2 : A. latifolia was observed by 

 f orskal on the mountains of Yemen as well as in Egypt ; by myself on the river-flat of the Nile the 

 flowers larger and more showy and always blue ; is perhaps the blue-flowered species seen by Fcrs- 

 kal, and Sibthorp, as far as Constantinople. Westward, the blue-flowered "anagallis " is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the "asirrisoi " of the Numidians, and " mSkiato " of the Romans ; is distinguished 

 by Pliny xxv. 92 as flowering earlier and avoided by cattle, but he includes both kinds under "ana- 

 galhda » called " corchoron : " A. latifolia is described by Linnajus ; is known to grow in Spain 

 (Pers.), and in general according to A. Decandolle p. 572 farther South than the preceding species. 

 (See Gladiolus communis). 



Anagallis tenella of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " korhoros " — according 

 to the scholiast of Nicand. having leaves always reclining on the ground, seems to agree better with 

 this species: the "korhoros " mentioned separately from the "anagallis" by Galen simpl. vi, may 

 also be compared : A. tenella was observed by Sibthorp on Crete. Westward, is termed "lysimachia 

 humifusa folio rotundiore flore purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow from 

 Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 15, Schmidt, and Pers.). 



"In this year" ( . . . . Lacharme note to Chi-King iii. 3. 9), war carried on by Suen-ouang 

 against the barbarians of the country called Hoai or Hoai-Siu. 



"827 B. C. = 1st year of Siouan-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



Stone monuments of the time of the emperor Siouan-wang — are preserved in a colleee at Pekin 

 (Pauth.). S 



Mespilus Germanica of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 

 medlar (Prior), in France " neflier" or " nespel," in Old French " melier" or " mesple"," in Old Ger- 

 man and Danish " mespel " or " mispel" (A. Dec), in current German " mispel," in Italy "nespolo" 

 and the fruit "nespola" (Lenz), in Greece " me"skoulga " (Fraas) ; and the " nefiier " is mentioned in 

 a Siao-ya ode* — (Chi-King ii. 1. 2) according to Pauthier. Westward, the " mSspilou e'te'ron " is 

 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "satangios" of Theophrastus iii. 12. 5 bearing larger and 

 more spongy fruit, and one of the three kinds distinguished by the inhabitants of mount Ida : the 

 "mSspilou gteron" is described by Dioscorides as resembling the "mel6"even in its leaves but a 

 smaller tree, its fruit edible subastringent round with a wide umbilicus and ripening slowly; is iden- 

 tified in the added Synonyms with the "Spimelitha" or " setanion ; " and directions for the cultivation 

 of "mSspilon " are given by Didymus (Geopon. x. 71) : M. Germanica was observed by Sibthorp in 

 woods in the environs of Constantinople, and besides cultivated ; is known to grow wild also in 

 Thrace and as far as Germany (Spreng.). Farther West, of the three kinds of " mespilis " the 

 "setania" was not in Italy in the days of Cato (Plin. xv. 22), but had arrived before the time of Dio- 

 scorides, and the cultivation of "mespilus" is mentioned by Palladius iv. 10. 19: M. Germanica is 

 termed "m. germ, folio laurino non serrato sive m. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 641 ; was observed 

 by Lenz cultivated and seemingly wild in Italy; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe 

 (Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself 

 under cultivation in our Middle States. 



825 B. C. = " 27th year of Sesonk IV.," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 



" In this year" (Hieronym. and Clint, i. p. 166, Diodorus' numbers giving 787 -f- "45 years" = 

 832), "Seventh" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Cyprians, the "Empire of the sea" ac- 

 quired by the Phoenicians — Held by them "forty-five " years. 



From the time of the Phoenician occupation, the Balearic islanders celebrated as slingers ; their 

 skill in the art derived originally from their Rhodian ancestors — (see Strab.). 



Schoenus nigricans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A sort of rush; and the 

 "mSlagkrainas " of which some Balearic slings were made — (Strab. iii. 5. I, and Sil. Ital. iii. 64), 

 used besides for cinctures according to Philetas (schol. Strab.), and according to Theophrastus iv. 12 

 named from its black fruit, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas : the account by Pliny xxi. 69 

 seems taken from Theophrastus, but Dioscorides adds, that the fruit is round : S. nigricans is de- 

 scribed by Morison iii. 8. pi. 10; is termed " gramen spicatum junci facie lithospermi semine" by 

 Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the marshes of the 



* Populus dero of Eastern Asia. A poplar called by the Ainos "dero" (Sieb.) ; and the "peu- 

 pliers, yang," growing on Northern mountains according to a Siao-ya ode — (Chi-King ii. 2. 3, transl. 

 Pauth.) may be compared : P. dero was observed by Siebold on the island of Yeso. 



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