202 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow in marshes more or less maritime as far as Britain (Pers., 

 and Engl. bot. pi. 1121). 



822 B. C. (=802 + "20 years" of Castor, Euseb., and Syncell.), at Athens, Pherecles suc- 

 ceeded by his son Ariphron, ninth archon for life. The same date, possibly marking the same event 

 (=991 — "121 — 48 years" of the Egyptian Chronicle = 1417 — "194— 178 — 130 — 49 — 44 

 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the same table giving 339 "+ 6 + 4 + 6 + 20 -4- 21 y. 4 mo. 

 + 6+1 20 y. 4 mo. +42 + 25 +17 + 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 + 7+ l2 + 44 + 44 + 44 years" = 822 

 y. 8 mo., and the Afr.-Maneth. table + "4 -f- 3 + 2 -|- 38 + 20 y. 4 mo. + 6 + 124 y. 4 mo. + 

 150 y. 6 mo. +40 + 6 + 89 years " = 822 y. 2 mo., also 1417 — "209— 135 — 130— 120 years" 

 = 823 = 1413 — " 209 — 135 — 130 — 21 — 15 — 25 — 13 — 42 years "). 



819 B. C. (= 818 y. 251 J-j}$ d. = 834 y. 77-jfJ d. — " 16 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiii. 

 10, or by the line of Judah 831 y. 3S7M> d - — " J 5th year" of 2 K. xiv. 23 — 817 y. 357s%\ <L, or — 

 "15th year" of twelve lunations = 818 y. 144^^ d.), Joash succeeded by his son Jeroboam II., 

 thirteenth king of Israel. 



818 B. C. (== S65 y. 4 mo. — "47 years" of Phoenician annals in Menander Ephes., and Jos. c. 

 A.), at Tyre, end of the reign of Pygmalion. 



About this time (Herodot. iv. 15 . . . ), Aristeas visiting the countries North of the Black Sea 

 as far as the Issedones : — the Issedones are described by Herodotus iv. 24 as eating their dead 

 parents; a custom extant in various parts of the East Indies. 



From the Issedones, Aristeas obtained accounts of more distant tribes, Arimaspi, Grypi, and 

 Hyperborei, of a nation " dwelling along the Northern Ocean on terms of peace with their neigh- 

 bours " (a description applicable only to the Laplanders and Samoyedes). — On his return Aristeas 

 embodied his observations in an Epic poem, which appears to have long continued among the Greeks 

 their principal source of information respecting Northern countries. Accounts of the Polar night 

 reached Greece as early at least as the days of Herodotus, who speaks of a people reported to " sleep 

 six months of the year." 



In or about " 817 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint, i. p. 141 and ii. p. 408), the Laws of Lycurgus, 

 derived (according to Aristotle rep. ii. 10) "from those of Minos," adopted at Sparta: with the; 

 concurrence of Charilaus (according to Plutarch 5), and of Agesilaus (according to Pausanias iii. 2. 4, 

 possibly like Herodotus and Justinus, referring the adoption to the time of the regency). Written 

 laws were prohibited by Lycurgus. 



Lupinus hirsutus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " loupinia " and its seeds 

 " loupini " (Fraas), on Zacynthus " agrio loupound " (Sibth.), in Egyptian " vrShou " (Syn. Diosc.) ; 

 the only species found by Fraas cultivated in Greece, and there only in the district around Sparta, 

 in seeming connexion with the diet of the ancient inhabitants : — " thermokuamous " are mentioned 

 by the poet Diphilus (Athen. ii.): the "thermos" as esculent, in the Hippocratic treatises, and 

 by Alexis, Polemon, Timocles, Zeno ; by Theophrastus viii. I. 3 to 11. 8 as a cultivated pulse; and 

 the " thermos emSros," by Dioscorides, and in Geopon. ii. 37 : L. hirsutus was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, wild from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Castagne, as 

 far as Constantinople (A. Dec.) ; by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, in some instances intermingled 

 in crops of L. termis, but whether purposely was not ascertained. Westward, is described by Bauhin 

 hist. ii. 2S9, and Cupani i. pi. 156 ; is termed '• 1. latifolius humilis hirsutus " by Tournefort inst. 392 ; 

 is known to grow wild in Portugal and Spain (Pers., Boiss., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Shaw 

 393 in Barbary, and by Forskal near Marseilles. 



Lupinus pilosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "lupouni" (Sibth.), and 

 possibly included with the preceding: —the "agrios 2r£vinthos " of Dioscorides ii. 126 may also be 

 compared : L. pilosus was observed by Fraas near Sparta, not known to be cultivated ; by Sibthorp, 

 on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed " 1. peregrinus major vel villosus caeruleus major " by 

 C. Bauhin pin. 348, is described also by Tournefort inst. 392 ; and is known to grow in various parts 

 of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Visum elatius of the countries around the Black Sea. A species of pea, possibly the green 

 *A£HVO£ forming the supper of the Spartan warriors — (Polemon, and Athen. ii. 46): P. elatius 

 is however unknown in the cultivated state ; is described by Steven, and Bieberstein, and according 

 to Ledebour is indigenous around the Black Sea (Steud., and A. Dec): the "P. arvense " seen by 

 Sibthorp pi. 687 in cultivated ground about Constantinople, and by Moris in Sardinia, is referred to 

 P. elatius by Grisebach spicil. i. p. 69. (See P. arvense). 



Poterium spinosum of the East Mediterranean countries. A bushy spinescent plant called in 

 Greece " aphanna " or " astoive" (Sibth.) or " stoivatha" (Fraas), in which we recognize the £ T I B A £ 1 

 beds of the Spartans — (Plut. 16): " stivatha " are mentioned in the Cyclic epigon., also by Herod- 

 otus, Euripedes, Xenophon, Plato pol. ii. 372; and the " stoive " plant, by Aristophanes ran. 1 178, 

 Dioscorides, by Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 as prickly separate from the leaves and by some called "ph£6s : " 



