OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



203 



P. spinosum was observed by Honorius Bellus in Crete (Clus. ii. p. 303) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, abounding and occupying tracts of country from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 

 islands ; and is known to grow on Lebanon (Pers„). Westward, the " stoive " or " stovion " is identi- 

 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the " stipam " of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxi. 54 and xxii. 13 

 of the "stoebe" or " phleos " seems taken from Theophrastus and Dioscorides: P. spinosum is 

 described by Pena and Lobel (Spreng.) ; is termed " pimpinella spinosa seu sempervirens " by Tour- 

 nefort inst. 157 ; and is known to grow in North Italy (Lenz). 



Lycopodium denticulatum of the Mediterranean Countries. A delicate moss-like species. The 

 V VKO^'OA'AE mingled in £TI BAEI in winter in accordance with the Laws of Lycurgus — (Plut. 16), 

 may be compared : L. denticulatum is termed " muscus denticulatus minor " by Tournefort inst. 556 ; 

 is described also by Dillenius pi. 56 f. 1, and Linnaeus; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 on rocks abounding from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Italy, Corsica, 

 Spain, Tunis, Tangier, and Teneriffe, its alleged presence in Poland being a mistake (Bory). 



816 B. C. (= 776 -\- "40 years " of Euseb. i. p 46, Diodorus ii. 21 giving 1820 — 1000 years 

 or " thirty generations " = 820), death of the Assyrian emperor Sardanapallus, defeated by Arbaces 

 the Mede and Belesis. Ariphron being at the time archon at Athens ; a well-known synchronism, 

 according to Syncellus ; and admitted even by Eusebius i. p. 137. 



815 B. C. (= " 37th year of Sesonk IV.;" the latest date in his reign found on 

 the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 



811 B. C. (= 753 + " IO + 8 + 40 yvs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of 

 P£touvates or Petouvastis, head of the Twenty-third dynasty. The name of king 

 Petsibast occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Prisse, and Leps. k. pi. 46). 



Acacia, gummifera of the Tropical Sahara as far as Arabia. Its exudation is called in English 

 gum arabic, in Egyptian " kome " — (peripl. Erythr., and Kirch.) ; in which we recognize the 

 •' kommi " of the Egyptian " akanthe " mentioned by Herodotus ii. 96, the "gummi optimum ex 

 Aegyptia spina" of Pliny xxiv. 65, and the "qwma" of the Talmud (Buxt. lex. talm.): the "samgh 

 turi " brought from Tor into Egypt is identified by Forskal mat. med. with "gummi arabicum," said 

 by other authorities to be procured in small quantities in the Sinai peninsula The tree is called in 

 Upper Egypt "toull" (Del.), in Yemen "talah" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the " teil " tree of 

 Isaiah vi. 13, and the " talh " loaded from top to bottom with its produce according to Mohammed 

 kor. 56, mentioned also by Abd-allatif: A. gummifera was observed by Delile in Upper Egypt; by 

 Forskal, in Tropical Arabia and its gum collected, but at Mocha I learned that the principal part of 

 the gum arabic of commerce comes from the Somali country. Westward, A. gummifera is known 

 to grow in Barbary as far as Mogador (Lindl. ; see Inga sassa). 



" 806 B. C." (argum. Chi-King i. 7. 1), Hoang-long prince of Tching. 



804 B. C. (=8o4y. 49j|f d. = 818 y. 251JH d. — "15 years" of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiv. 17), 

 Amaziah slain, and the accession at Jerusalem of his son Azariah or Uzziah, thirteenth Jewish king : 

 (the "15 years" allotted to Amaziah = 14 Julian years and 202 days, implying knowledge of the 

 Cycle of thirty lunar years = 10,631 days. — This Cycle continues in use among the Muslims, and 

 is sometimes termed the " Muslim Cycle "). 



Caucalis daucoides of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Greece "v£loni " (Sibth.), and 

 the 3 hOV long of Amos v. 7, Deut. xxix. 18, — Prov. v. 4, Jeremiah ix. 15. and xxiii. 15, and Lam. 

 iii. 15 to 19, or the " apsinthos " of Rev. viii. 1 1 rendering water bitter and deadly, may be compared ; 

 the frequent association of the "lonS " with the "rash " suggesting some compound like the Greek 

 " kongion," and the allusion in Hebr. xii. 15 being figurative : the herb " balin " is said by Xanthus 

 of Lydia to have restored a slain dragon to life (Plin. xxv. 5) : C. daucoides was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Hohenacker 

 p. 96 in the Suwant or Talysch country; and was received by Reichard from Egypt (Del.). Farther 

 West, is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced later than the Roman Period, the plant continuing 

 unknown in Sicily and Sardinia ; is described by Bauhin hist. iii. 2. p. 80, and Morison ix. pi. 14; is 

 termed " c. dauci sylvestris folio echinato magno fructu " by Tournefort inst. 323, "conium Royeni " 

 by Linnaeus (Steud.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Ray, was observed by Desfontaines in 

 Barbary, is known to occur also in Italy and throughout middle Europe, everywhere confined exclu- 

 sively to cultivated ground (Jacq. austr. pi. 157, Pers., Guss., and A. Dec). 



Papaver dubium of the East Mediterranean countries. A kind of poppy called in Greece " pap- 

 arouna" (Lenz), in Egyptian " nanti " (Syn. Diosc): the &VS rash of Amos vi. 12, Deut. xxix. 18 to 

 xxxii. 32, —Job xx. 16, Psalm Ixix. 21, Jeremiah ix. 15, and Lam. iii 19, springing up in the furrows 

 of the field and flowering beautifully as appears from Hosea x. 4, and yielding a juice according to 

 Jer. viii. 14 to xxiii. 15, may be compared with the " mekon roias " of Dioscorides having an oblong 

 capsule with reddish seeds and flowers sometimes white, referred here by Sprengel: P. dubium was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the hills of the Peloponnesus and Attica ; by Visiani iii. p. 99, 



