204 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



on grassy hills in Dalmatia; and is known to grow on the plains of the Crimea (Bieb.). Westward, 

 the " mekon roias " or " oxutonon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " papavSralis " of the 

 Romans : P. dubium is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced from Greece Westward, con- 

 tinuing unknown in 1837 in Sardinia, and in 1847 in Algeria; but had reached Britain before the 

 days of Gerarde ; is termed "p. erraticum capite longissimo glabro " by Tournefort inst, 238 ; was 

 observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Denmark, always in cultivated ground (fl. Dan. pi. 902, Jacq. austr., Pers., and Lenz). By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed in cultivated 

 ground in our Middle and Southern States (A. Gray, and Chapm.). 



Papaver rhoeas of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain corn poppy or redweed or 

 cop-rose (Prior), in Germany " klapperose " or " klatschrose " (Grieb.), in France " coquelicot " 

 (Nugent), in Italy "rosolaccio" or "papavero erratico" or "p. selvatico " (Lenz), in Greece "papa- 

 rouna" or on Cyprus "pJtenos" (Sibth.), and possibly the plant in question : — the "mek6n roias" 

 is described by Theophrastus ix. 12. 4 as an " agria '' kind springing up in cultivated ground and 

 bearing a red flower, the capsule as large as a finger-nail ; the " mek6n agria," by Dioscorides iv. 65 

 as having black seeds and by some called " pithitis," or from its flowing Juice " roias : " P. rhoeas 

 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to 

 Cyprus, colouring whole tracts of country with its flowers at the opening of spring ; by Bieberstein, 

 in waste places and cultivated ground in the Crimea ; by C. A. Meyer, in wild situations near Baku, 

 Southeast of Caucasus ; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the 

 "rhoeam" of the Greeks is identified by Pliny xix. 53 and xx. 77 with the "papaver erraticum" 

 growing in cultivated ground : P. rhoeas was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde ; is termed 

 "p. erraticum majus " by Tournefort inst. 238 ; was observed by Gussone naturalized on Sicily, but 

 elsewhere occurs throughout Western Europe only as a weed in grain-fields (Pers., and A. Dec). 

 Eastward from Caucasus, is regarded as the " lala " of the Persian poets and is called " lala " by the 

 Muselmen of Hindustan, as observed by Law "in gardens at Surat and Broach" (Graham) ; was 

 observed by Kaempfer. and Thunberg, in flower- vases in Japan or sometimes springing up spontane- 

 ously, and called " reisjun " or usually " bidsinsoo." By European colonists, was carried to North- 

 east America, where it continues under cultivation as a garden flower. The plant according to 

 Pereira, and Lindley, " is not known to be narcotic," the syruptts rlweados made from the petals 

 being "useful merely as a colouring matter." 



802 B. C. (= 795 -)- " 7 yrs " of Castor in Euseb. = 350 — |— " iS — |— 39 " -|- erased 6 -(- " 124 -f- 

 177 -|- 44 -|- 44 yrs " of the Egyptian Chronicle, the Eg. Chronicle also giving S22 — " 19 yrs " = 803 

 = 759 -)- " 44 yrs " of the Eg Chron. and Euseb.-Maneth. table = 82S — "25 yrs." of the same 

 table), at Athens Ariphron succeeded by his son Thespieus, now tenth archon for life. 



Aegys on the frontier of Arcadia, conquered by Charilaus and his colleague Archelaus, seventh 

 Spartan king in the Agid line. An oracle delivered to the two kings jointly, is preserved by Oeno- 

 maus (in Euseb. pr. v. 32 p. 226). 



One hundred and fifth generation. Jan. 1st, 800, mostly beyond youth : the prophet Zechariah 

 (2 Chron. xxvi. 5). 



"799 B. C." (= 758 -j- "25 -f- 16 years" of Diodor., Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 130 and 160), Telestes 

 being as yet a boy, death of his father Aristomedes or Aristodemus, and the accession of A»emon as 

 ninth king of Corinth. 



In the reign of Uzziah, an important change in warfare, through the invention of the catapult : 

 described in 2 Chron. xxvi. 15 as " engines to shoot arrows and great stones." 



795 B. C. (= 778 + " 17 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 137, and of Syncell.), at Athens, Thes- 

 pieus succeeded by his son Agamestor, eleventh archon for life. "Twenty" years are however 

 assigned to Agamestor by Eusebius. 



The Spartans prospering under the Laws of Lycurgus became desirous of extending their author- 

 ity over the Arcadians, and on consulting the Oracle were informed, That they could measure the 

 territory of Tegea with a " shoinfi " rope. Accordingly under the lead of Charilaus they attacked 

 Tegea, and were defeated ; but the Oracle was fulfilled through captive Spartans being bound with 

 the rope brought for the above purpose. Part of this rope — was preserved in the temple of Minerva 

 at Tegea to the time of Herodotus i. 66 (Pausan. iii. 2 to viii. 48, and Sm. b. d.). 



Scirpus (Jsolepis) holoschoenus of the seashore along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion 

 of the Atlantic. A. sort of rush called in France " scirpe jonc " (Fe'e), in Greece "kopho vroulo" 

 (Forsk.) or " kouphovrelos " (Sibth.) or " kouphovourlos " (Fraas); and probably furnishing the 

 "shoin6"rope in question : — "shoininos " made of rushes, is mentioned by Euripedes cycl. \(& ; 

 and " shoinion " cord, by Aristophanes acharn. 22, and Demosthenes 1 145. 6 : the " oloshoinos " is 

 described by Theophrastus iv. 12. 1 to ix. 12. 1 as sharp-pointed, fleshy and soft and therefore more 

 useful for textile purposes, is enumerated by Dioscorides iv. 52 as the third kind of " shoinos £l£ia : " 



