OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



205 



S. holoschoenus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the sands of 

 the seashore from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, " vincla juncea " are 

 mentioned by Ovid. . ; the " oloshoinos " is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "iougkoum 

 marinoum " or " manualem " of the Romans ; and the " holoschoenos " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 

 69 to 71 as a kind of "iuncus : " S. holoschoenus is termed "iuncus acutus maritimus " by C. Bauhin 

 theatr. 174, " s. maritimus capitulis rotundioribus glomeratis " by Tournefort inst. 528; is known 

 to grow in Italy, Algeria, and along the Atlantic as far even as Britain (Pluk. pi. 40, Jacq. austr. pi. 

 448, Pers., Spreng., and Engl. bot. pi. 1612). " S. Romanus " having a slender stem, and known to 

 grow from Siberia to Rome and Southern France (Pers.), observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from 

 the Dardanelles throughout the Greek islands, is regarded as not distinct. 



Fumaria parviflora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " stakteYi " 

 or "kapnohortS" or "kapno" (Sibth ), in which we recognize the " kapnos " identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the " knux " or " toukin " of the Egyptians : — F. parviflora was observed by Delile 

 around Cairo in Egypt. Farther North, the " kapnos " is described by Dioscorides as a little bushy 

 herb resembling coriander, altogether tender, the flower purple, juice improving vision and inducing 

 tears, and hence the name ; is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : F. parviflora was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding "everywhere in cultivated ground from the Pelopon- 

 nesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " kapnos " or " kapnogorgion " or " hglithfinion 

 mikron " or pSristSrion " or " koruthalion agrion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " apioum " of 

 the Romans ; the description by Pliny xxv. 99 of " capnos fruticosa " is chiefly taken from Dioscor- 

 ides ; F. parviflora is described by Clusius hispan. p. 375, and Tournefort inst. 422 ; is known to occur 

 in cultivated ground in' Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 590, 

 Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Egypt, is called in the environs of Bombay " pitpatra," and was 

 observed there by Lush, and Gibson (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, in other parts of 

 Hindustan, having according to Drury " long been acclimatised " as far even as the Neilgherries, 

 Bengal, and Nepaul, and employed medicinally. 



Sedum amplexicaule of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " amaranton " 

 (Fraas) ; the " a£iz6on to mikron," identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " StiSike-lta " of the Egyptians, 

 — and according to Dioscorides growing on walls and rocks, its root giving out many stems fall of 

 small terete sharp-pointed leaves, the central flower-stem a span high bearing a cyme of greenish- 

 yellow flowers, is referred here by Fraas : S. amplexicaule was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent on walls and in stony places in Attica and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the 

 "aSizdon to mikron" or "pStrophuSs " or " vrotion " or "th£ovr5tion " or "krovusson " or " h£im£r- 

 inen " or " kSraunia " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vitalis " or " Srva sSmpSrviva " of 

 the Romans ; the account by Pliny xxv. 102 of the " aizoum " or " sempervivum minus " seems taken 

 from Dioscorides, but he adds that the root is useless ; and S amplexicaule was observed near Naples 

 by Tenore (Bory). 



Peucedanum cervaria of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Germany " hirschwurz " 

 (Lenz): the "elapbovoskon " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " hemis " of the Egyptians, — ■ 

 and according to Dioscorides cropped by deer as an antidote against snake-bites, its stem resem- 

 bling that of "marathrft" or " livandtithi," leaves " tSr£vinthou "-like and roughish, umbels of yel- 

 lowish flowers and " aneth6 "-like seeds, its white sweet root three fingers long by one thick esculent 

 as well as the young stem, is referred here by Delarbre p. 429: P. cervaria is known to grow 

 in Greece (Lenz). Westward, the " glaphovoskon " or "glaphikon" or " nephrion " or "ophigg- 

 nion" or " ophioktonon " or "grpuxe" or "lume" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "askaoukau" 

 of the Numidians, and " kSrvi okelloum " or "kgrvina" of the Romans; the " elaphoboscon " 

 pointed out by deer is described by Pliny xxii. 37 and xxv. 52 as an esculent ferulaceous plant 

 with leaves of " olusatri," and medicinal properties not mentioned by Dioscorides are enumerated : 

 P. cervaria is described by Tragus, and Lobel (Spreng.) ; was observed by Viviani in North Africa 

 (Steud.) ; by Lenz, throughout Italy ; and is known to grow in fallow ground in mountainous 

 situations from Austria and Switzerland to the Pyrenees (Jacq. austr. pi. 69, Roth, Scop.,. Hall., 



and Lapeyr.). 



Seseli annuum of the mountains of Southern Europe. A kind of wild parsley called in Germany 

 "bergsilge," in Greece "agrios maithanos " (Fraas): the " oreosSlinon " identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "anonim " of the Egyptians, —and described by Theophrastus vii. 6. 4 as having a slender 

 root, leaves like " k6n£i6," fruit " anethon "-like but smaller and emmenagogue, by Dioscorides as a 

 span high growing in stony mountainous situations, and having oblong aromatic " kumino "-like 

 fruits, mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Fraas : S. annuum was observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Attica and Cyprus. Westward, the " or£6selinon " or 

 "pgtrcWlinon agrion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "apioum" of the Romans; but the 

 account of the " oreoselinon " by Pliny xx. 46 seems taken from the Greek : S. annuum is described 



