206 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



by Morison iii. 9. pi. 8, and is known to grow in Pannonia and Southern Germany and France (Villars 

 delph., Jacq. austr. pi. 55, Crantz, and Poll.). 



Ambrosia maritime, of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Egypt " demsyseh " (Del.) : the 

 "amvrosia" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mersSo " of the Egyptians, — and according to 

 Dioscorides branchy and three span high from a slender root, with small "peganou "-like leaves 

 around the shooting of the stem, grape-like racemes never flowering but full of seed, wine-scented 

 and entwined in garlands in Cappadocia, is referred here by writers: A. maritima is known to grow 

 on the seashore of Cappadocia (Pers.) ; was observed by Chaubard around the Peloponnesus and 

 Greek islands ; by Forskal p. 160 and Delile, from Alexandria to river-islands near Cairo, and 

 employed medicinally. Westward, the " amvrosia " or " votrus " or " votrus art£mista " is identified 

 in Syn. Diosc. with the "kaproum silvatikoum " or "apioum roustikoum" of the Romans ; but the 

 account of the "ambrosia" by Pliny xxvii. 11 to 31 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides: A. mari- 

 tima is described by Lobel obs. p. 442, and Dodoens p. 35 (Spreng.); and is known to grow on the 

 seashore of Etruria (Pers.). 



Convolvulus arvensis of middle Asia. Called in Britain bindweed or withwind, in Anglo- 

 Saxon "withwinde" (Prior), in Germany "acker-winde," in Italy "viticcio" or " vilucchio minore" 

 (Lenz), in Greece " pe'riplokatha," or by the Turks " sarmasjik " (Forsk.), in Egypt "o'lleyq" 

 (Del.) : in which we recognize the " elxine " with long " periplfikOm^na " branches identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the"apap" of the Egyptians, — further described by Dioscorides as growing in 

 hedges and cultivated ground, its leaves ivy-like but smaller, juice somewhat purgative, and referred 

 here by writers : the "pe'riplokatha " is mentioned by the scholiast of Theocritus v. 12S : the "ullaik," 

 by Ishak ben Amran, Gafeki, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar: C. arvensis is known to occur around Caucasus 

 (Ledeb.); was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground 

 from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, around Rosetta and Cairo ; was received by 

 Choisy from Arabia and Abyssinia. Westward, the " edxine " or " amfilxinen " or " medampelon " 

 or " kissampglon " or " kissanthSmon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the ''voloutou 

 laparou " of the Romans : C. arvensis is described by Valerius Cordus, Fuchsius, Matthioli, and 

 Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. minor arvensis flore roseo " by Tournefort inst. 83 ; was observed 

 by Munby in Algeria ; by Forskal, on Malta and near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in cultivated 

 and fallow ground as far as Sweden (Bocc. mus. pi. 53, fl. Dan. pi. 569, and Fries). Eastward from 

 Caucasus, was observed by Malcolm in Persia ; by Gibson " common " on the Deccan and '' flowering 

 during the rains " (Graham), naturalized as observed by myself ; is known to grow along the Altaian 

 mountains and as far as Daouria and Northern China (Ledeb., and Bunge). By European colonists, 

 was carried to Madeira and the Azores (Choisy, and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has be- 

 come a frequent weed ; to Mexico, Buenos Ayres (Choisy), and Chili (C. Gay) ; to the Mauritius 

 Islands, and Southeast Australia (Corder, and A. Dec). 



Scrophularia peregrina of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of brown-wort called 

 in Greece "vromohorton " (Sibth.) : the "galiopsis" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "aithopi" 

 of the Egyptians, — and described by Dioscorides as growing in court-yards and along hedges and 

 footpaths, resembling in stem and leaves the nettle but the leaves smoother and heavy-scented if 

 bruised, flowers slender and purplish, is referred here by writers: S. peregrina was observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, throughout Greece precisely in the situations described by Dioscorides. 

 Westward, the "galiopsis" or "gal£6vth616n " or "galfphos" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the " ourtika lav6n£m " of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxvii. 57 of the " galeopsis " 

 or "galeobdolon" seems taken from Dioscorides (including the name " galion " transferred by mis- 

 take from the succeeding article) : S. peregrina is described by Anguillara, and Camerarius hort. pi. 

 43 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. folio urticae " by Tournefort inst. 166 ; and is known to grow in Bosnia, 

 Illyria, Italy, and as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Spreng.). 



Ballota nigra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain black horehound 

 (Prior), in Italy "cimiciotto" or " marrubio bastardo " or "ballota" or "ballota nera " (Lenz), in 

 Greece "pispSritza" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the "vallSte," identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the "aima Isionos" of the prophets, and "asphos" or "£sk£" of the Egyptians, — and described 

 by Dioscorides as having several somewhat hairy tetragonal stems from a single root, and at intervals 

 roundish leaves " prasid "-like but larger and hairy, strong-scented and resembling " m£lissophull6u," 

 the flowers rotate around the stem : B. nigra was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in waste 

 places from Greece and the Greek islands to Constantinople and Smyrna. Westward, the " vallate " 

 or "melan" or "mega prasion" or "prasion eteron " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 "apnioum" or "mSlitam" or "oulkgraria" or " marrouvioum " or " kantherinoum " of the Romans; 

 the " marrubium nigrum " is mentioned by Castor, but the account by Pliny xx. 89 and xxvii. 30 of 

 the "balloten " seems taken from Dioscorides : B. nigra is described by Fuchsius p. 154 (Spren°\) ; 

 is termed "ballote" by Tournefort inst. 185; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is 



