OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 207 



known to occur in waste ground from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 

 pi. 46, Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 

 tinues in waste places in New England. 



Hordeitm murinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall barley 

 or mouse barley, in Germany " maus-gerste " (Prior), in Greece " agriostakus " (Sibth.), in Egypt 

 "abu stiri" (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the "roun stahuos " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 "athnon" of the Egyptians, — and "phoinix" of Dioscorides, growing in cultivated ground and 

 upon freshly-daubed roofs, its leaves shorter and narrower than those of barley, and spike " aira "- 

 like, mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta : H. murinum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna; by Hasselquist, and 

 Forskal, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt at Alexandria and Damietta. Westward, the 

 "phoinix" or "phoinikoptSron " or "roun" or "aghinopa" or " osthalen " is further identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the "palSlou koupinoum " of the Romans; and the " herba phoenicea," by Pliny 

 xxii. 65 with "hordeum murinum :" H. murinum is described by Tragus (Prior); is termed " gramen 

 spicatum vulgare secalinum " by Tournefort inst. 517; was observed by Forskal on Malta, and near 

 Marseilles ; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 629, 

 and Pers.). 



788 B. C. (= 848 — "60 years " of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Charilaus succeeded 

 by his son Nicander as one of the two Spartan kings ; the seventh in the Proclid line. 



" 787 B. C." (Hieronym., and Clint , = 1169 — "92 — 85 — 79 — -23 — 25 — 33 — 45 years " 

 of Diodorus in Euseb.), " eighth " change in naval dominion. Leaving the Phoenicians, the 

 " Empire of the sea" acquired by the Egyptians. 



783 B. C. (= 793 — " 10 years" of both Maneth. tables), end of the reign of PsammSus. In 

 the Afr.-Maneth. table, he is succeeded by " Zet ; " but no such king has been found on the monu- 

 ments (see below, Vohhdris). 



" 782 B. C. About this time" (Scymn., and Clint, i. p. 206), Sinope on the Black Sea founded 

 or occupied by Greek colonists under Ambron of Miletus. Ambron was slain by the Cimmerians ; 

 who, with the Amazons, were making a Third irruption into Asia Minor. 



Raphanistrum maritimum of the seashore from the Caspian along the Mediterranean and Atlan- 

 tic as far as Britain. The black radish or Spanish radish is called in Germany " rettig" (Grieb), in 

 Italy " radice " or " rafano " or " ramoraccio " (Lenz), in Greece when growing spontaneously " agria 

 rapania " (Fraas sec. Gay) ; in which we recognize the " raphanum silvestre " or " agrion " identified 

 by Pliny with the " armon " of the people of Pontus, — also the " am6re"an " kind of " raphanithos " 

 mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 4. 2, and the "armorakian" of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc, 

 and by Pliny xix. 26 and xx. 12, with the " raphanis agria . " " raphanithas " are mentioned by Epi- 

 charmus, Cratinus, Pherecrates, Eupolis, Metagenes, Amphis, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, Diodes of 

 Carystus, Androcydes, Dioscorides, Galen, Athenaeus ii. 48, and are identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " thorpath " of the Numidians, and " rathix nostras " of the Romans : the " raphanus " is mentioned 

 by Varro, Horace, Columella, and Pliny : the '• raphanis agria," by Theophrastus . . . , by Dioscorides 

 as medicinal and its leaves and slender root eaten as potherbs, and is identified by Galen fac. alim. 

 ii. p. 622 with the " rapiam " of the people of Asia : R. maritimum is described by J. E. Smith, as 

 observed on the seashore of Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1643) ; is known to grow at Gibraltar (Gay) ; was 

 observed by Moretti in Italy ; seems frequent in Greece (Fraas, and Gay) ; is known to grow on the 

 shores of the Caspian (A. Dec.) ; and according to Gay is cultivated in Siberia and Southern France, 

 in the second year developing a fleshy root. (See Raphanus sativus). 



" 781 B. C. = 1st year of Yeou-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



" 779 B. C. About this time " (742 to 740 -|- " 38 years " of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 

 166, see also Ephor., Pausan. hi. 2. 6 and 7. 4, and Clint, i. p. 338), the first difficulty with the Mes- 

 senians : Teleclus, son of Archelaus and one of the two Spartan kings, slain in an affray at a temple 

 of Diana. He was succeeded by his son Alcamenes, ninth king in the Agid line ; and his colleague 

 Nicander at once led an army into Argive territory. Of three extant sayings of Nicander (Plut. mor. 

 p. 230), one refers to the Argives. 



'• 778 B. C." (. . . . Clint, i. p. 150), at Athens, Agamestor succeeded by his son Aeschylus, twelfth 

 archon for life. 



Asclepiadae, hereditary priests of Aesculapius, continuing in the practice of the healing art at 

 Cnidus — (Sm. b. d.). 



Daphne Gnidium of the Mediterranean countries. A low shrub called in France " garou " (Fee), 

 in Greece " kausa " or " kapsa " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " casiam of Hyginus '-' identified 

 by Pliny with the "cneoron" producing "granum Gnidium;" employed by the Asclepiadae of Cnidus, 

 — and hence the name (Ruf. Ephes., and Orib. vii. 26) : " kokkou knithiou " of Int. affect. 8, and 

 Theophrastus ix. 20. 2, " kne6rou " of Democritus (geop. xv. 2. 37), Nat. mul. 29, Int. aff. 23, 1 Morb. 



