214 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



painting of the battle-scene by Bularchus, — was purchased less than eleven years afterwards by the 

 Lydian king Candaules (Plin. vii. 38, and xxxv. 8). 



Tilia Europcea of middle and Northern Europe. Called by Chaucer "linde," in the ballad of 

 Robin Hood "lyne," in current English linden or line or lime (Prior), in Welsh "pisgwydden," in 

 German "linde," in Finnish "lechmus," in Slavonian "lepa" or " lipa," in Morduan "pikscha" 

 (A. Dec), in France " tilleul " (Nugent), in Italy "tiglio" or "tiglia" (Lenz) ; and doubtless furnish- 

 ing- implements in use among the Treres : — the " tilia " is mentioned by Virgil, and Columella, 

 by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing in the mountain valleys of Italy : T. Europsea is known to grow in Italy 

 (Lenz) and throughout middle Europe as far as Finland, the inner bark much used in the North for 

 cordage (fi. Dan. pi. 553, Pers., and Prior). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 

 ica, where it continues to be sometimes planted for ornament. The flowers, according to Host, and 

 Lindley, are used in " infusion in Austria with much success in vertigo and spasms." 



The same year (= 717 y. 287^^ d. -)- " 9 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvii. I and xv. 30), 

 Pekah slain and succeeded by Hoshea, nineteenth and last king of Israel. 



" 726 B. C." ( . • • Blair . . . ), the Spartans defeated by the Messenians under Aristodemus 

 and despairing of a speedy termination of the war, send home permission to " their wives to prosti- 

 tute themselves." 



"The same year" (= 721 -\- " 5 years" of the Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), Chinzirus 

 and Porus succeeded by Jugaeus, as king of Babylon. 



723 B. C. (= 738 y. s8|gf d. — " 16 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvi. 2 and 2 Chron. 

 xxviii. 1), Ahaz succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Hezekiah, sixteenth Jewish king. 



A postal establishment at this time in Palestine : at least, royal proclamations and official letters 

 were delivered regularly by couriers (2 Chron. xxix. 3 to xxx. 10). 



"The same year" (Tyrt, Pausan. iv. 13. 5, and Clint.), shortly after the suicide of Aristodemus 

 (see Cynodon dactylon), the Messenian war closed by the capture of Ithome by the Spartans under 

 Theopompus. A portion of the Messenians abandoning their country, sailed under Alcidamas to 

 Southern Italy and settled in Rhegium. 



"722 B C. (= 616 -f- " 132 yrs." of ten lunations of pontif. reckoning, Sm. biogr. diet. . . . ), not 

 earlier than this date, founding of the city of Rome. The date is confirmed by historic probability, 

 and by Cicero tusc. i. 1, who makes Romulus contemporary with the Greek poet Archilochus. 



The selection by Romulus of "a healthy spot in an infected region " (Cic. de republ.) reveals the 

 presence of the Italian malaiia: — five hundred years later, soldiers protested against being quar- 

 tered in the unhealthy environs of Rome (Liv.) ; field-labor, according to Cato re rust., cannot be 

 undertaken in summer in places where the atmosphere is unhealthy; the unhealthy atmosphere in 

 Apulia and near Brunuusium, is mentioned by Caesar bell. civ. ; and the owners of unhealthy estates 

 are counselled by Varro to sell, or abandon them altogether (Schouw plants and man vi.). 



The innovation of wreathing mortals as early at least as Romulus, — a practice among the 

 Romans confined to warlike deeds (Plin. xvi. 4). 



Ostrya vulgaris of the countries on the North side of the Mediterranean. The hop-hornbeam is 

 called in Italy " carpine nero" or "carpinella" or "ostria" (Lenz), in Greece " ostrua " (Sibth.), and 

 the " arbori infelici " of the laws of Romulus — (Just. Lips., and Dion. Hal. ed. Reiske), signifying 

 gallows according to Cicero . . . , may be compared : the " carpinus atra " is mentioned by Cato 31 ; 

 the " ostryn " or " ostryam," by Pliny xiii. 37 as " solitariam circa saxa aquosa," but his account 

 seems taken chiefly from Theophrastus : O. vulgaris is described by Micheli pi. 104, and is known to 

 grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Scop., Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the "ostrus " 

 or "ostruan" is described by Theophrastus iii. 10. 3 as the only one of its kind, and allied in its 

 aspect and bark to the beech, its fruit in shape and colour resembling barley, and wood hard, but 

 regarded inauspicious if brought into a house, inducing difficult parturition and a miserable death: 

 O. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. 



Celtis Auslralis of Barbary. A species of nettle-tree called in Germany " zurgelbaum," in Italy 

 "perlaro" or " bagolaro " or " giracolo " (Lenz), in France " micocoulier " (Fee), in Greece 

 "mikrokoukki" (Fraas) or " mikrokoukouli " or " glukokokka " or " keratha " (Sibth.), in Spain 

 "almez" (Spreng.), in which we recognize the "mis" identified by Ebn Baitar with the "lotos;" 

 exotic in Italy but a tree in the Vulcanali as old as Rome, planted by Romulus after his victory " de 

 decumis" — (Masur.), one in the area Lucina known in the " three hundred and seventy-ninth year of 

 Rome," and an earlier third to which the hair of Vestal virgins was carried, the " celtin " with blackish 

 wood in request for flutes being identical (Plin. xiii. 32 and xvi. 85) : C. Australis is described by 

 Anguillara . . . , and Camerarius pi. 155 ; is termed " c. fructu nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 612 ; 

 occurs in various parts of Southern Europe, a tree near Aix in Provence being more than five hundred 

 years old (Fee, and Lenz p. 15) ; and is known to grow wild in Barbary (Duham. i. pi. 53, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, the "livus aulos " Lybian flute is mentioned by Euripides ale. 346 and troad. 544: the 



