2l6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



tioned in Esther i. 6 ; " carbasina " by Caecilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Varro ; the living plant was 

 introduced before the time of Strabo into Susiana, Egypt, and other Mediterranean countries (Plin., 

 Ebn Alvam, and Schouw 22) ; and in the time of Pliny xix. 2. 3 the Egyptian priests wore cotton 

 garments : G. Indicum was observed by Tournefort, Forskal, and Chaubard, under cultivation in 

 Greece ; by myself, on Malta ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in Egypt ; by myself, a few stocks in a 

 court-yard at Mocha ; and again a few, all in languishing condition, on Zanzibar. By European col- 

 onists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues extensively cultivated in our Southern 

 States, and by a peculiar process the " sea-island " modification has been developed ; to the islands 

 of the Pacific, observed by myself naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands. When carried North, is 

 annually killed by the winter frosts, but is not properly an herbaceous plant. 



Citrus Sinensis of Tropical Eastern Asia. The mandarin orange is called in Tagalo " naran- 

 gitas " or " sintoris " (Blanco), in Burmah " shouk-lieng-mau " (Mason), in Tamil "kitchlee," in Hin- 

 dustanee " koda " (Drury) ; and the orange mentioned in the Chou-King ii. 1. 11 as cultivated in the 

 province of Ying — (Pauth. p. 48) may be compared : C. Sinensis was observed by myself through- 

 out the Malayan archipelago, the only kind of orange (with a solitary exception at Manila) ; by 

 Mason v. p. 453 and 760, "exotic " in Burmah, distinguished by the natives and sold in large quan- 

 tities. Westward, " naranga " and "nagaranga" are mentioned in the Ayurvedas (Susrut.) : " mela- 

 rancie assai ma tutte dolci " were found by Vasco de Gama in 1498 in Hindustan : C. Sinensis was 

 observed by myself the only kind cultivated there from Bombay to Aurungabad ; and according to 

 Drury, " is found in the Northern Circars " where it is called " cumbla nabla," and " is indigenous in 

 Silhet and on the slopes of the Neilgherry mountains." Farther West, the "round atrodj " accord- 

 ing to Masudi (quoted by Makrizi) was brought "from India subsequent to the three hundredth year 

 of the Hedjra" (912 A. D.) "and first planted in Oman, and which lost in Syria and Egypt much of 

 its original odour and colour:" the'Timum mokhattam " was seen by Abd-allatif in Egypt, of a 

 brighter red than the narandj " (C. aurant.) "round and a little flattened, and as if impressed with a 

 seal" (at the apex); the " limun haelu," by Forskal, and is described by Delile as " fructu aurantii- 

 formi cortice ljevi medulla dulci : '' C. Sinensis was observed by myself in the imaum's plantation on 

 Zanzibar; and as transported to the Mediterranean countries is termed " aurantium dulci cortice si- 

 nense " by Ferrari hesperid. pi. 433, is described also by Tournefort inst. pi. 390, and Miller (Pers.) ; 

 and var "myrtifolia" has become frequent in Northern greenhouses. 



Citrus decumana of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called by European colonists shaddock or ftum- 

 malo (Graham) or "pampel-moes " (Rumph.), in Tagalo " lucban " (Blanco); and the " yeou " cul- 

 tivated in China according to the Chou-King ii. i. 11, — is referred here by Pauthier p. 48 : C. 

 decumana was observed by Loureiro p. 572 frequent in Anam and China, and from China according 

 to Rumphius ii. pi. 24 was introduced into the Malayan archipelago ; was observed by Blanco on the 

 Philippines ; by myself, a large tree under cultivation from the Tongan and Feejeean islands through- 

 out the Malayan archipelago ; by Mason v. p. 452 " exotic " in Burmah and the fruit inferior in 

 quality. Westward, is exotic in Hindustan, as shown by the name " batavi nimboo " (Roxb., and 

 Drury) ; was observed there under cultivation by Wight, Graham, and myself ; and farther West, by 

 myself on Zanzibar. The fruit has been sometimes carried up the Red Sea to Egypt, where "lemons 

 large as water-melons " were seen by Abd-allatif ; and the "kabbad" by Ebn Ayyas, described as an 

 " orange of extraordinary bigness " by Vansleb ; also to Jerusalem, as appears from rabbi Schwarz ii. 

 1. By Capt. Shaddock, seeds were carried to the West Indies before the visit of Sloane i. p. 41 

 (Pluk. aim. p. 239), and the tree continues under successful cultivation, as appears from Macfadyen 

 p. 131 (A. Dec.) and from fruit imported into the United States. 



Aleurites triloba of the Eastern islands of the Malayan archipelago to the Samoan. The candle- 

 nut is a large tree called on the Hawaiian and Taheitian islands "tutui," on Tongatabu " tuitui," on 

 the Marquesan islands " ama " and the Samoan "lama" meaning torch or candle (Hale), in Tagalo 

 ' lumban " (Blanco) ; and the " tong " tree growing according to the Chou-King ii. 1. 9 on the South- 

 ern portion of the Y mountain — (in Kiang-nan), and according to Gaubil affording an oil esteemed 

 in China for its great utility, maybe compared: A. triloba was observed by Blanco frequent on the 

 Philippines, and the oil from its nuts sold by the natives ; by Rumphius ii. pi. 58, on the Moluccas 

 (Pers., and Steud.) ; by myself, to all appearance indigenous on the Feejeean and Samoan islands : 

 but clearly by Polynesian colonists carried to Tongatabu, where it was regularly cultivated by the 

 natives ; to Taheiti, where it was observed by Forster prod. 360, and has become naturalized through- 

 out the Interior ; and to the Hawaiian Islands, where the nuts were strung together for candles. 

 Westward from the Philippines, is called in Bengalee " bangla-akrot," in Telinga " natu-akrotu," in 

 Tamil " nattu-akrotu " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " japhal " (Graham) ; is known to occur on 

 Ceylon (Pers.), where its oil is called " kekuna " oil (Drur.) ; was observed by Roxburgh, and Drury, 

 from Bengal to the Northern Circars and Travancore ; by Graham, seemingly wild " in the Southern 

 Mahratta country about Belgaum," and planted " in gardens Bombay ; " by myself, only under cul- 



