OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 223 



"6uf"or"ov" (ras. Par., and Kirch.) or "gmvrosi" (Syn. Diosc.) 1 in which we recognize the 

 ' laktouka" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the ® PI AAKA of Alcman, — Hipponax, Cratinus, Polemon 

 diaet. ii. Theophrastus, Athenaeus iii. 82, and "thrithax emSros" esculent according to Dioscorides : 

 the " thrithax " was already in Egypt when invaded by Cambyses (Herodot. . .): the "khass" is 

 mentioned by Ebn Baitar: L. scariola was observed in Egypt under cultivation by Abd-allatif, 

 Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself ; by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of 

 Yemen ; by Fraas, under cultivation in Greece ; by him, and Sibthorp, in shaded situations in its 

 original state, is known to grow also about Caucasus and as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb., 

 and C. A. Meyer). Westward, the " thrithax emgros " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " lak- 

 touka " of the Romans ; the "lactuca" according to Pliny xix. 38 was known to the ancient Italians 

 in one variety only ; is mentioned also by Varro, Horace, Celsus, Columella, and Martial : L. scariola 

 is described by Hermann parad. pi. 91, and Morison iii. 7. pi. 2; is termed "1. sylvestris costa 

 spinosa" by Tournefort inst. 473 ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as 

 far as Denmark (Ray, Engl. bot. pi. 268, fl. Dan. pi. 1227, and Wats.), is besides abundantly culti- 

 vated. Eastward from Caucasus, is called in Persian and Hindustanee " kahu " (Roxb., and D'roz.), 

 but seems devoid of a Sanscrit name ; was observed by Royle him p. 247 in the gardens of Northern 

 Hindustan ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay ; and by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Wight, farther 

 South and East : by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by Loureiro. in Anam ; by Kaempfer, and Thun- 

 berg, under cultivation in Japan and called "kantats," or usually " futsu kusa " or "too tsisa.'' By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated; 

 to the island of Tristan d' Acunha (A. Dec.) ; and according to Loureiro, to Macao in Southern 

 China. The inspissated juice according to Lindley is sold under the name of thridace or lettuce opium. 

 (See L. virosa). 



Calendula arvensis of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of wild marigold called in Germany 

 " feld-ringelblume," in Italy "fior rancio selvatico " or "fiorrancio campestre " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " graias t'atrahti " (Fraas), in Egypt " tob a'yny " or " kahleh " (Del.); in which we recognize the 

 KAVXA/Vof Alcman, — or"kalhe" of Epicharmus, Numenius (schol. Nic. ther. 257), Nicolaus of 

 Damascus, and Athenaeus xv. 28: C. arvensis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 frequent in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by 

 Forskal, Delile, and myself, on the river-flat of the Nile as far as Cairo. Westward, the "calthula" 

 garment is mentioned by Plautus ; the " caltha " by Vitruvius, Virgil eel. ii. 50, and the "flammeola 

 caltha" by Columella x. 307 : C. arvensis is described by Columna phyt. pi. 13 (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 "caltha arvensis" by Tournefort inst. 499 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy; and is 

 known to occur in cultivated ground as far as middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.). 



Gnaphalium Orientate of the East Mediterranean countries. The EV I X PVEO mentioned as 

 coronary by Alcman, — Ibycus, Cratinus, Themistagoras, Athenaeus xv. 27, or " elSiohrusou " of 

 Theophrastus ix. 19 having a slender superficial root, hard stem, whitish leaves, and golden flowers, 

 with which whoever is crowned will it is believed become illustrious, is referred here by Honorius 

 Bellus (Clus. p 300): Pliny xxi. 38 adds, that the Magians crown themselves with " heliochrysos," 

 thinking that honour and reputation belong to it : G. Orientale is termed " elichrysum orientale " 

 by Tournefort inst. 453; was observed by Sibthorp on Crete; and is known to grow in Barbary 

 (Lam. ill. pi. 693, and Pers.). 



Gnaphalium stoechas of the Mediterranean countries. The gold-everlasting is called in Germany 

 "gold-immortelle" (Lenz), in France "immortelle" (Nugent), in Greece " kalokoimithikis " or 

 " thakrua tas panagias " (Sibth.) or " amaranthon " (Fraas) ; and possibly the " Slihruso " of Alcman ; 



clearly the "amaranton" or "hrusanthSmon " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "Jlihruson of 



Dioscorides with which images of the gods were crowned, placed besides among clothing to keep 

 out moths : Ptolemy was careful to crown the gods of Egypt with "heliochrysum " (Plin. xxi. 96) ; 

 the "elihruson" is mentioned also by Theocritus i. 28, Nicander ther. 625, and the scholiast: G. 

 stoechas was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, is described 

 by Valerius Cordus f. 65, and Barrelier pi. 409; is termed "elichrysum seu stoechas citrina angusti- 

 folia" by Tournefort inst. 452; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow from 

 Italy as far as middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; and wreaths of its flowers are often seen in 

 our modern cemeteries. 



Sesamum Orinitale of Equatorial Africa. Called in French and English gardens sesame 

 (Nugent), in German "sesam," in Italy " sesamo " (Lenz), in Greece "sisami" (Forsk.) or "sgsami" 

 or "sesami" or " sousami " (Fraas), in Egypt " semsem," in Yemen " djyldjylan " (Forsk.), in 

 Egyptian "sSmsem" or " susamgn » (ms. Par., and Kirch.) or "6kg" (ras. Par.); in which we 

 recognize the £A£ AM of Alcman, — or " sesamon " of Stesichorus (or perhaps Ibycus, Athen. iii. 

 75 to iv. 72), Crates, and Hippocrates ; cultivated for its oil in Babylonia in the days of Herodotus i. 



