224 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



193, and Strabo xvi. I ; in Egypt also in the days of Theophrastus . . . , Dioscorides, and Pliny; 

 and its culture in Italy mentioned by Columella ii. 10. 18, Pliny, and Palladius : S. orientale con- 

 tinues well known in Italy (Lenz) ; was observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation 

 from the Peloponnesus to Tenedos, the seeds plastered on bread; by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, 

 and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; was ascertained by myself at Zanzibar to be cultivated in 

 the neighbouring portion of Africa ; and Westward in the same Equatorial portion, is known to have 

 been long cultivated along the Atlantic (Hook.) : Eastward from Arabia, is called in the environs of 

 Bombay "gingelie" or " tul " (Graham), in Bengalee "til," in Telinga " noowooloo," in Tamil "yel- 

 loo cheddie " (Drury), in Sanscrit "tila" (Roxb.) : " sesama ab indis " is mentioned by Pliny xviii. 

 10 ; ■* tila," in the Institutes of Menu : S- Orientale was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 55 in Malabar ; 

 by myself, in the environs of Bombay, cultivated according to Graham for its oil and "a very com- 

 mon plant springing up in uncultivated places and flowering towards the close of the rains : " by Rox- 

 burgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Burmann pi. 38, on Ceylon. Farther East, 

 by Mason v. p. 504, " exotic " and called " hnan " in Burmah, " largely cultivated by the Karens " 

 and the seeds sold to the Burmese, who use the oil in curries and for burning ; by Rumphius v. p. 

 204, cultivated and naturalized in the Malayan archipelago and called in Malay " widjin ;" by Blanco, 

 on the Philippines, and called in Tangalo 'Tinga," in Bisaya " longa," in Pampango " langis ; " by 

 Thunberg, in Japan and called " koba ; " and is called " moa " in China (Rumph.). By European 

 colonists, was carried from Equatorial Africa across the Atlantic to Brazil (Piso, and A. Dec), has 

 become naturalized in Tropical America, and as far as Florida. 



Cypervs esculentus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " dolcichini " or " bacicci " 

 (Lenz), in Greece " kipSros," in Egypt 'Tiab el aziz " (Forsk.) ; and the KVIAIPO/v of Alcman — 

 maybe compared: the " kupSiron " by some called " z£rnan " according to Democritus has a root 

 aromatic in flavour (geopon. ii. 6) : the " malinathalle " buried in sand not far from the Nile and giv- 

 ing out leaves like "kup£ir6," becomes according to Theophrastus iv. 8. 12 as large as a "m<5spilon" 

 and is cooked and eaten : seeds of C. esculentus according to Wilkinson have been found in ancient 

 Egyptian tombs : the living plant was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Lower Egypt ; by Fors- 

 kal, near Constantinople, the root large and edible with an aromatic flavour; by Gittard, in the Pelo- 

 ponnesus. Westward, is described by Morison iii. pi. n ; was observed by Desfontaines i. p. 43 in 

 Barbary ; by Tenore pi. 101, and Lenz, in Italy; is known to grow also in Southern France (Villars, 

 and Pers.). 



"The same year = beginning of the Tenth manwantara " among the Hindus (Graha Munjari 

 tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244). 



"664 B. C "' (= 404 -\- "260 years " of Thucyd. i. 13, and Clint.), naval combat between the 

 Corinthians and their colonial descendants of Corcyra or Corfu. Regarded by Thucydides as 

 the earliest one known to the Greeks. 



" Three hundred and forty-one kings " preceded Psammetichus, according to the statement of 

 Egyptian priests to Herodotus ii. 142. In the Afr.-Maneth. table, one hundred and thirteen kings 

 being named, the unnamed kings of the Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Seventeenth, and 

 Twentieth dynasties, make up the required number, 1 13 -\- " 70 -|- 27 -)- 16 -\- 60 -)- 43 -\- 12 " = 341. 

 The exclusion therefore may be remarked of the unnamed kings of the Ninth, Tenth, Fourteenth, 

 Sixteenth, Nineteenth, and duplicated Seventeenth dynasties. 



VI. GREEK ASCENDENCY. 



The same year (= 610 -j- " 54 years " of Herodotus and the Afr.-Maneth. table, the 



Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 570 -f " 25 -f 17 -\- 6 -\- 45 years " = 663 = 68S — " 12 



— 7 — 6 yrs "), accession of Psammetihos or Psammetichus, fourth king of the 



Twenty-sixth dynasty : an occasion marked by the first introduction into Egypt of a 



body of Greeks (Herod, ii. 154). He married a daughter of king Pankhi — (Birch). 



From about this date, the Egyptian monuments no longer present representations of manners, 



occupations, and the mechanic arts ; may also be recognized by a difference in style, a o-eneral want 



of care in sculpturing hieroglyphic characters, and by the reduplication of the deities; the cat-headed 



deity being especially frequent. 



The name of king Psametik occurs on contemporaneous monuments, on stones from a temple 

 begun by him near Naharieh (Leps. eg. and sin. 43) ; in the great unfinished hall at Karnak, in the 

 quarries at Tura, on the rocks near Phils, on an obelisk (now in Rome), and on a papyrus and other 

 moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe). 



"Under the Psammetichi " (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 28 and 118), a third canon of proportions for 



