OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



225 



the human figure makes its appearance in the Egyptian sculptures. — This new rule or canon is that 

 mentioned by Diodorus ; and continued unchanged until the time of the Roman emperors. 



"661 B. C." ( . . . . Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 9), the kingdom of Ouei incorporated in the 

 kingdom of Tsin by prince Hien-kang 



In this year (= 635 y. 147^ d. -4- "32 years" of ten lunations, Sm b. d.), Numa succeeded by 

 Tullus Hostilius, third king of Rome. 



Prasium majus of the Mediterranean countries. A Labiate plant called in Greece "phas- 

 sohorton" (Sibth.), equivalent to the " peristereona " identified by Pliny with the "sagmina" 

 employed by Tullus Hostilius in concluding alliance with the Albans — (Liv. i. 24. 4) : the "peri- 

 stereona " is further identified by Pliny xxii. 3 and xxv. 59 with the " hierabotane " with which the 

 temple of Jupiter was swept and purified, and which was carried to enemies by the " verbenarius " 

 in the Roman army : P. majus is described by Morison iii. pi. 21 ; is termed "galeopsis hispanica 

 frutescens teucrii folio " by Tournefort inst. 186 ; is known to grow about Rome as well as in Sicily 

 and Morocco (Pers.). Westward, the " erva saggouinalis " or " krista gallinakSa " or " phgrraria " or 

 "trixalis " or "exoupenms" of the Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "pe'ristMon orthos," 

 named according to Dioscorides from doves loitering around, mostly single-stemmed from a single 

 root, and a span high with incised greyish leaves : the " penste>S6n orthos " or " pensterion " or 

 "trugonion^' or " igra votane " or "philtrothotes " or "vounion" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the " eras thakruon " or " aima grmou " or " aima gales " of the prophets, and "pempsemptg " 

 of the Egyptians: the "pe>istSr£6n orthos" is mentioned also by Aetius, and Alexander Trallianus : 

 "pastus columbarum" occurs in a translation of Avicenna, and the " aiaranuthali " of Ebn Baitar 

 may also be compared : P. majus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on rocky hills from 

 the Peloponnesus to Caria in Asia Minor. (See Verbena officinalis, V. supina, and Sisymbrium 

 officinale). 



"660 B. C." (Euseb. and Clint., see also Ephor., Aristot., Strab. vi. p. 260, and Clem. Alex. i. 

 p. 309), in Italy, laws made by Zaleucus for the Greek colonists at Locris. Regarded as the earliest 

 collection of written laws possessed by the Greeks. 



" The same year (= 17th year of the emperor Huivam = 58th year of the 35th Chinese cycle," 

 Kaempf. ii. 2, and art de verif.), " Third and last epoch of Japanese history," the Nin-0 of the 

 Japanese, or "era of Sinmu" (see below). 



" In this year "(.... Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 4. 6), Oen-kong, son of Y-kong king of 

 Ouei. — He was killed in battle against the barbarians of the North. 



" 657 B. C. = 20th year of Hoei-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-fourth 

 cycle. 



Ricinus communis of Tropical America ? The castor-oil plant is called in Germany " wunder- 

 baum," in Italy " ricino " or " ricino commune " (Lenz), in Greece " krot6n£ia " or " kollokiki " 

 (Siblh.) or "kiki " (Fraas), in Egypt " kharoua," in Nubia " rouagy " (Del.), in Yemen " tebscha " 

 or " djar " (Forsk.), by the prophets " aima purfitou," in Egyptian " susthamna " or " trixin " (Syn. 

 Diosc), in Sanscrit " eranda," in Hindustanee " arend " or "arendi,"in Bengalee " bherenda," in 

 Telinga " amadum " (Lindl.), in Tamil " valluk " or " sittamunak " (Drur.), in Burmah " kyet-hsoo " 

 (Mason), in Tagalo " lingansina " or " tangantangan," in Ylocano " tangantangan " or " tavatavang 

 sina " (Blanco), in Japan " fima," or usually " karagi " or " karagasju " or " Chinese goma " (Thunb.) ; 

 and the '• ricin " is mentioned in an ode attributed to Tcheou-kong — (Chi-King i. 15. 1, transl. 

 Lacharme) : R. communis was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg in Japan, employed for making 

 ink ; by Mason v. 492, " exotic " in Burmah, very extensively cultivated by the Karens for its seeds, 

 used to fix colours ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Bengal and peninsular Hindustan ; by Rheede 

 ii. pi. 32, in Malabar ; by myself, cultivated and naturalized as far as Bombay, according to Graham 

 " common about villages all over the country " and its oil " generally used in lamps by the natives ; " 

 by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen, seemingly wild ; by myself, seemingly wild on Zanzibar ; 

 by Grant, " everywhere near dwellings " on his route to the Nile, its leaves having virtues among the 

 Negro tribes, and its oil used for ointments. Farther North, the " sillikuprion " or " kiki " is men- 

 tioned by Herodotus ii. 94 as cultivated in Egypt for its oil, and springing up spontaneously in 

 Greece ; its cultivation in Egypt is also mentioned by Strabo xvii. 2, but according to Pliny xv. 7 the 

 plant was unknown there in ancient times : the " kiki " or " krot6n " is mentioned also in Nat. mul., 

 2 Morb mul. 79, Plato tim. 60, Theophrastus i. 10. 9, Nicander ther. 676, Diodorus i. 34, Galen, Hiero- 

 nymus, Hesychius, is compared by Dioscorides to a small fig-tree, its leaves like those of the plane 

 but larger ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the " sSseli kuprion," and with the " loupa '' or 

 "rikinoum" of the Romans ; and the "cici" or " ricinum" was in Spain as well as Italy in the days of 

 Pliny xv. 7 : the " kykywn " is mentioned in Jonah iv. 6 ; " kyk " oil according to the Talmudists is 

 one of the five kinds permitted by Tradition in sabbath lamps (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; and the 

 "kherwa" is mentioned by Avicenna, and Serapion : R. communis was observed by Forskal, Delile, 



29 



