232 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



The Gauls or French are regarded as having probably learned the art of making iron and glass 

 from these Greek colonists : the Age of Iron commencing at about this date in France, Switzerland, 

 aud Northern Europe, as shown in the contents of tombs and by various debris (see Troyon p. 326 

 and 355). 



A grostemma coeli-rosa of the West Mediterranean countries. The "luhnis agria " identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " apokathemenes tauros " of the prophets, "semoura" of the Egyptians, — and 

 described by Dioscorides as in every respect resembling the " em£r6 " kind (A. coronaria), its seeds 

 in like manner employed against the sting of scorpions, maybe compared: the "luhnis agria" or 

 "tragonSton" or " atokion " or " igrakopothion " or " lampas " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "intivoum agrSstem " or "lapatou kaphagouina " or " sterithos " of the Romans : A. coeli- 

 rosa is described by Morison v. pi. 22 ; is termed "lychnis foliis glabris calyce duriore " by Tourne- 

 fortinst. 337; was observed by Boccone sic. pi. 14, and Sibthorp, frequent in grain-fields in Sicily; 

 is known to occur also in Barbary (Pers.). 



Agrostemma flos-jovis of the mountains of Southern Europe. The "luhnis agria" or plant in 

 question — is however referred here by Gesner hort. germ. f. 266 (Spreng.) : A. flos-jovis, a tomen- 

 tose species, is described by Boccone mus. pi. 42; is termed " lychnis umbellifera montana helvetica " 

 by Tournefort inst. 334; is known to grow in Switzerland, Southern France, the Palatinate (Lam. fl. 

 fr., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sestini not far from Constantinople (Sibth.). 



" 599 B. C. (= 135 years after Syracuse," .... Sm. b. d.), Camarina in Sicily founded. 



Rhus cotinus of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The smoke-bush is called in 

 France "fustet " (Fee), in Germany " periicken-sumach," in Italy " scotano " or " cotino " (Lenz), 

 in Greece "mpoia" (Fraas) or " hrusoxulon " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " hrusoxulon " of 

 schol. Theocr. or " thapsos " identified with the £KV®I KOA/ : HVVOA' of Sappho — by Photius : the 

 word " thapsinos " yellow-coloured occurs in Aristophanes vesp. 1404; the " thaps6 " plant is men- 

 tioned in connexion with colouring by Theocritus ii. 88, and Paulus Aegineta iii. 2 ; and the city of 

 Thapsos was sometimes called Hrusoxulos : the "kokkugSas" of Theophrastus iii. 16. 6, a small 

 tree with " anthrahle "-like leaves and fruit dissipating in pappus (an account copied by Pliny xiii. 

 41) is referred here by writers : R. cotinus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abound- 

 ing on the mountains of Attica and the Peloponnesus and its wood used for dyeing a beautiful orange, 

 being (according to Daubeny) the sumach of commerce ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). 

 Westward, "in appenino frutex " in the days of Pliny xvi. 30 was called " cotinus ad linamenta modo 

 conchylii colore insignis : " R. cotinus is described by Dodoens pempt. 7S0 ; is termed " cotinus 

 coriaria " by Tournefort inst. 610; and is known to grow in Carniolia, Italy, and Southern France 

 (Jacq. austr. pi. 210, Scop., Hall, helv., and Lenz). Eastward from Siberia, was observed by Nuttall 

 to all appearance indigenous along the Arkansas river : but clearly by European colonists, was intro- 

 duced into our Atlantic States, where it continues under cultivation for ornament. 



Aucthiiin graveolens of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain anet or dill, in Old 

 Norse or ancient Danish " dilla " (Prior), in Germany "dill" (Grieb), in France " anet " (Nugent), 

 in Italy "aneto" (Lenz), in Egypt " sjoebet," in Yemen "schibt" (Forsk.), in Egyptian " arahou " 

 (Syn. Diosc); in which we recognize the KNNHJQ of Sappho, — Alcaeus (Athen. xv. 16), Theophras- 

 tus ix. 7. 3, or "anetlion" of Aristophanes, Theophrastus i. 11. 2, Theocritus, Moschus, and Dio- 

 scorides; identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "gonos kunok£phalou '' or "trih£s kunok£phalou " or 

 " gonos ermou " of the prophets : A. graveolens was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in Greece 

 and at Constantinople both wild and cultivated ; by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation 

 in Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; and the " sabet" is enumerated by rabbi Schwarz 

 as cultivated in Palestine. Westward, the "anetlion" or "aniketon" or "polgithos" is further 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " polpoum " of the Dacians, "sikkiria" of the Numidians, and 

 "anethoum" of the Romans: the " anethum " is mentioned by Horace, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, 

 Apicius, Palladius, and Apuleius : A. graveolens is described by Lobel pi. 776; is termed "a. hor- 

 tense" by Tournefort inst. 318 ; and is known to be cultivated throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 1572, and Pers.). Eastward from Syria, is known to occur at Astracan (Lindl.) ; was "occasion- 

 ally seen" in Burmah by Mason v. p. 496, "exotic " and called " samwot," the seeds "constantly 

 for sale in the bazars ;" may therefore through native tribes have reached Timor (Lindl.). Clearly 

 by European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (Lindl.); and before 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast 

 America, where it continues sparingly cultivated. The fruits according to Lindley are "carminative 

 and stimulant, and taken with food may be regarded condimentary." 



598 B. C. (= 608 y. 3--3II d. — "11 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xxiii. 36, and 2 Chron. 

 xxxvi. 5), Jehoiakim succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Jehoiachin. But after " three months," the 

 city was captured by Nebuchadnezzar ; who plundered the temple and royal palace, carried Jehoiachin 

 with "ten thousand " of the principal men "into captivity" to Babylon, and appointed Mattaniah 

 ruler of Jerusalem under the changed name of " Zedekiah." (The same date for these events, is 

 deduced by Clinton i. p. 319 and 328 from the Babylonian regnal years in the Astronomical canon). 



