OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 235 



Anticyra " 611e>or6n " and mixed with "16uk6 glleVorti " (a mixture according to Pliny sternutatory): 

 the " sesamoSithgs " is mentioned also by Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 120, and Erotian ; and the "l£ukon 

 sesamofiithSs " by Rufus Ephesius: the " fillfivoros " having "sesam6the" fruit and used on Anticyra, 

 is mentioned also by Theophrastus ix. 9. 2, together with the " ell£voros l£ukos " having according 

 to some authorities " pras6th6s " leek-like leaves : the " fillevoros leukos " is mentioned by Philonides, 

 is described by Dioscorides as sternutatory and having plantain-like leaves, and is identified in the 

 added Synonyms with the " veratroum alvoum " of the Romans : V. album was observed by Hawkins 

 on the highest portion of mount Pindus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus. Westward, the " vera- 

 trum " is mentioned by Lucretius as an acrid poison, also by Columella vi. 38. 3 ; and the " album 

 veratrum " by Celsus iii. 23 to vi. 7. 5 : V. album is termed "v. flore subviridi " by Tournefort inst. 

 273 ; and is known to grow in mountainous situations as far as Spain and Denmark (Jacq. austr. pi. 



335, fl. Dan. pi. 1 120, and Pers.). Its root according to Lindley is "a local irritant" inducing "vio- 

 lent sneezing," and if taken in large quantities "violent vomiting, purging, and other consequences 

 that produce death." 



Veratrum nigrum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An allied species, 

 called in Greece in common with Helleborus Orientalis "skarphe" (Sibth.), and probably the "Sllfi- 

 vorou" in question : — V. nigrum was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus; 

 by Grisebach, in Albania ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, the two kinds of 

 "veratrum" according to Celsus v. 8 possess similar properties, and "veratrum nigrum" is separ- 

 ately mentioned by him. and Pliny xxv. 77 : V. nigrum is termed " v. flore atro-rubente " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 273; is known to grow as far as Hungary and the mountains of Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 



336, A. Dec, and Lenz) ; and from transported specimens is described by Morison xii. pi. 4. 

 Helleborus niger of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Christmas rose 



from the time of flowering, or black hellebore (Prior), and possibly the "SlWvorou" in question : — 

 " gllevorian " is a word used by Callias ; " SllSvoros " and " £112v6rizSis," by Aristophanes vesp. 1489, 

 Demosthenes, Diphilus, Lucian, and Athenaeus : the true "ellSvoros lSukos" according to authorities 

 quoted by Theophrastus ix. 10. 1 is a low plant with deeply-lobed leaves, differing from the "melas " 

 kind only in the colour of the roots, which is white : H. niger (with root-fibres "whitish internally," 

 Lindl.) was observed by Sibthorp from mount Athos to the Peloponnesus ; by Pococke, in Palestine ; 

 and roots of " helleborum album " were found by Forskal mat. med in the drug-shops of Egypt. 

 Westward, the "album" kind is distinguished by Pliny xxv. 21 as acting "vomitione," the Gauls 

 tingeing their arrows with " ellebbro " in hunting : H. niger is described by Lobel pi. 681 ; is termed 

 "h. niger angustioribus foliis " by Tournefort inst. 272 ; is known to grow in mountainous situations 

 in Italy and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 201, and Pers.).- The fibres of the rhizoma according to 

 Lindley continue to be employed medicinally, but have sometimes induced "vomiting" with delirium 

 and violent convulsions terminating in death. (See H. Orientalis). 



The war against Cirrha being over, the Pythian Games instituted by the victors — (Paus., and 

 Clint.). 



" 585 B. C. = 1st year of Kien-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (Sosicr., Diog. Laert, and Clint., see also Aristot. rep. v. 9. 22), death of 

 Periander. He was succeeded as king of Corinth by his nephew Psammetichus. 



"582 B. C." (Thucyd. vi. 4, and Clint.), in Sicily, Agrigentum founded by Greek colonists from 

 the neighbouring city of Gela. 



Synmu or Jinmu, first dairo of Japan, is placed as early as this date (although only 17 reigns are 

 counted in ann. Jap. from 399 A. D.) : he came, according to some writers, from the Loo-Choo 

 Islands — (Klapr. note to San-kokf 169). The succession continues in his family, the dairos for the 

 last few centuries exercising only spiritual authority. 



" In the reign of Jinmu, ending in 581 B. C." (Jap. centen. comm. 59), from his residence "in 

 Kashiwara, in the province of Yamato," an order given to Wakanetsu Hiko-no-mikoto, one of his 

 officials, " to manufacture various kinds of pottery to be used in the temples for religious festivals." 



The soldiers of Synmu on one occasion made nets of the " katsoura " (tradit. myth); giving 

 rise to the name Katsoura ti of the city or fort selected by his successor Soui Se'i for the seat of 

 government (ann. Jap. transl. Titsingh).* 



"581 B. C." (Aristot., and Clint.), at Corinth, end of the reign of Psammetichus and of the 

 Cypselidae dynasty. 



About this time (Percev. i. 55), Chammir, grandson of Himyar, ruling Yemen. — Ashe is said to 

 have acknowledged the authority of the Persians, he must have continued reigning in the time of 

 Cyrus. 



* Dolichos hirsutus of Japan. The " katsoura " plant in question — is referred here by Klaproth : 

 D. hirsutus was observed in Japan by Kaempfer pi. 41, and Thunberg. 



