236 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



As early perhaps as this date (Diod. xxx! .... ), marriage of Pharnaces, "king " of Cappadocia, 

 with Atossa, sister of Cambyses the father of Cyrus. — Pharnaces became "the progenitor of the 

 kings of Cappadocia " (Sm. b. d.). 



Centau n-a centauriiim of the mountains of Italy. The " centaurion " attributed to Chiron but 

 claimed for king Pharnaces and hence called "pharnaceon " — (Plin. xxv. 13 to 30, and Pomp. Fest ) 

 is sufficiently identified by Pliny with the "k£ntaurion m^ga " of Dioscorides ; having serrated leaves 

 resembling those of the walnut, blue flowers, involute fruit as in " kniko," root two cubits long and 

 full of red juice, and abounding in the Peloponnesus and Lycia and around Smyrna (but according to 

 Pliny cultivated). Westward, the "k£ntaurion me'ga " or " narken " or " mar6nen " or " plektronias " 

 or " hSirdnias " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "aima eraklSous " of the prophets (compare 

 Pliny), and the " phierr£i " or " ciune'phera " or " ph£ll£rai " of the Romans ; " centauria graveolentia " 

 are mentioned by Virgil geor. iv. 270 ; the " centaurion," by Pliny as wild on the Alps ; and C. cen- 

 taurium is described by Matthioli, Clusius hist. ii. p. 10, and is known to grow from the Southern 

 slope of the Alps along the mountains of Italy to Garganus in Apulia (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). 



"580 B. C." Some of the Greek inscriptions on the island of Thera (according to Franzius) 

 are as early as this date. Among the forms of letters is p. 



A Greek inscription of about this date (Boeckh, and Franz. 24) on a bronze plate found at 

 Olympia, presenting the following form of the letter N. 



About this time ( . . . . Parian marble), poetry combined with dramatic exhibitions by Susarion, 

 and Greek comedy thus instituted. 



" 578 B. C." (= 534 + "44 yrs," Sm. b. d.), Tarquinius Priscus succeeded by Servius Tullius, 

 sixth king of Rome. 



"The same year " (Buddhist ann., and Buns. iv. 7. 2), Bimbisara, son of Bhattiya and friend of 

 Buddha, establishing himself as king of Magadha, South of the Ganges. 



In this year = " 12th year of Hophrah or Apries," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 

 Daniel and Job — are mentioned by Ezekiel ; who was a son of Buzi, like Barachel the father of 

 Elihu (Ez. i. 3 to xiv. 20, and Job xxxii. 6). 



Suezda beucata of Arabia and Egypt. Called in both countries " mullsah " (Forsk.), in which 

 we recognize the M7V1 mlwh of Job xxx. 4 : — S. baccata was observed by Forskal p. 69 as far 

 South as Lat. 19° in Arabia; and by him, Hasselquist, and Delile, throughout Lower Egypt to the 

 Mediterranean. 



A triplex cor iacca of Egypt. Called there " rjetaem " (Forsk.), and therefore possibly the w l + q 

 rdm of Job xxx. 4 — (already referred with more probability to Genista monosperma). A. coriacea 

 was observed by Forskal p. 175, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, in sands near 

 the sea. 



Aconitum album of Syria. The 3£v9 bashe" of Job xxxi. 40 — is referred by Celsius to an 

 aconite; and the " bisha of Moses " is distinguished by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar : A. album is said 

 to be the only species growing in Syria, though "not anywhere very common" (see Royle in Kitt. 

 bibl.. cycl.). 



Sedum confertum of middle Asia. Called in Egypt " hay a'lem " (Del.), and the + 1 «1 V w hlmwd 

 of Job vi. 6, that cannot be eaten without salt, — may be compared: S. confertum was observed by 

 Forskal p. Iv to Ixvi in the gardens of Egypt, mixed with other food for women in childbirth. 



"575 B. C." (Diodor., Euseb., and Clint.), "twelfth" change in naval dominion. Leaving the 

 Lesbians, the "Empire of the sea" acquired by the Phocaean Greeks. — Held by them "forty-four" 

 years. 



"May 9th." On the "first day of the Sixth month in the nth year Kien-wang" (Khoun°--tseu, 

 Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 



The same year (=597 y- 353A 2 <y d. — " 25th year" of twelve lunations = 587 y. 107m d. — 

 " 14th year" of twelve lunations, Ezek. xl. 1), Ezekie'l's vision of the restoration of Jerusalem. 



Salix serotina of Syria and middle Asia. A -billow called in Egypt " khalaf " or " ban " (Forsk ), 

 at Aleppo "safsaf," in which we recognize the " tziphtzaph " identified by rabbi Ben Melech with the 

 3 Irir tzphtzphS of Ezekiel xvii. 5 : — the "safsaf" is described by Rauwolf as a peculiar species 

 from the flowers of which " a very precious and sweet water" is distilled; a practice according to 

 Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) extending into Northern Hindustan: the "tziphtzaph" is identified by 

 Avicenna with the " chilaf," mentioned together with the oil from its flowers by Abu Hanifa, Gafeki 

 Temimi, and Ebn Baitar : S. serotina, observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna, and by Hasselquist in 

 Palestine, was found by Alpinus 62, Forskal p. 170, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and the 

 water distilled from the barren flowers much used medicinally. * 



Rocella tinctoria of coast-rocks along the Mediterranean. A lichen called in commerce archal 

 or " orchil" (Prior), and the "blue and purple from the isles of Elishah " brought according to 

 Ezekiel xxvii. 7 to Tyre, — may be compared : the " phukos " of Aristophanes thesm.% Theophra S S tus 



