OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 237 



Diodorus, Dioscorides, Plutarch, and Clemens Alexandrinus, is leferred here by Tournefort and 

 others : R. tinctoria was observed by Tournefort, Sibthorp, and Bory, on the rocks and walls of 

 Amorgos and other Greek islands, and exported both to Egypt and Britain. Westward, the " fucus " 

 is mentioned by Plautus, Catullus, Cicero, Horace, Propertius, and Pliny : R. tinctoria was observed 

 by Desfontaines on the ruins of Carthage, and is known to grow along the coast of Algeria, Spain, 

 Southern France, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands (Bory). 



The \A4"1 wdn and t"l£0 V8S9 brzl oshwd manufactured iron of Ezekiel xxvii. 19, — are 

 referred by Gesenius to the city of Aden and its damascus blades : " swords of India " are mentioned 

 by the Arab poet Ascha (De Sacy chrest.) ; and " lames de sabre damasquine'es " are enumerated by 

 Edrisi i. 51 as imported into Aden (Jaubert). 



"572 B. C." (= "01. 52" of D. Laert., Nicol. Damasc, Clint., and Sm. b. d.), Croesus son of 

 the Lydian king Alyattes made satrap of Adramyttium and the plain of Thebe. He commenced a 

 career of successful conquest in Asia Minor. 



Dipsacus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain teasel, in 

 Anglo-Saxon " tEesel " from " taesan" tease (Prior), in France "chardon" (Nugent), in Germany 

 " karde " (Grieb), in Italy " dissaco " or " cardo da cardare " or " labbro di venere," and the wild kind 

 "cardo selvatico" or " verga pastore " (Lenz), in Greece "skoultara" or " nfirokrates " (Sibth.), in 

 Egyptian "sSsSngor" or "hgir" or "mSleta" (Syn. Diosc.) ; and knowledge of var. fullonum with 

 hooked flower-bracts seems implied in the "gnaphou" instrument with which Pantoleon was put to 

 death by his brother Croesus, in the lifetime of their father — (Herodot. i. 92) : the word "gnaptom£- 

 noi" occurs in Aeschylus pers. 568; "SgnaptSt6," in Sophocles aj. 1031; "knaph£ion" fulling-mill, in 

 Herodotus iv. 14; and the " knaphon p£ristih6£n" plant is mentioned by the comic poet Alcaeus, 

 Antiphanes, Herodian, and the Etym. magnum ; but the cultivated form together with the art of rais- 

 ing nap on woollen cloth has disappeared from Greece and Egypt: the "thipsakos" of Dioscorides 

 with a tall prickly stem surrounded at intervals by connate opposite leaves, is referred by writers to 

 D. sylvestris in the wild state with straight flower-bracts ; observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, the " thipsakos " or " onokarthion " 

 or "aphrothites loutron " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " skiare " of the Dacians, and "la- 

 vroum vSneVis "' or " karthoum v£n£ris " of the Romans ; the " carduus nondum fullonibus aptus " is 

 mentioned by Serenus Sammonicus : D. sylvestris is described by Fuchsius 225 ; is termed "d. s. 

 aut virga pastoris major " by Tournefort inst. 466; is known to occur along roadsides from Italy 

 throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 402, and Pers.) ; and var. fullonum, described by Lobel 

 ii. pi. 17, continues abundantly cultivated for manufacturing purposes. By European colonists, the 

 wild form was carried to Northeast America, where I have occasionally met with it springing up 

 spontaneously in our Northern and Middle States. 



"571 B. C. = 1st year of Ling-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



" 570 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), in Sicily, accession of Phalaris as king at Agrigentum. — He 

 reigned " sixteen " years. 



" The same year " (Clint, i. p. 214 and 236 = 526 -|- •' 44 years " of Herodotus and 



I the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ouaphris succeeded by Amasis II. or Am6sis II., eighth king 



of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The name of king Aahmas II. occurs at Beghe in 



I Nubia (Glid. analect.), at Elephantine, on the rocks at Phila?, on stones (employed in 



'. building the citadel of Cairo), and on moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe). 



Aahmes II. overthrew the independence of Cyprus (Herodot. ii. 178 and 182). He also per- 

 mitted the Greeks to build a temple at Naucratis, near one of the mouths of the Nile ; perhaps the 

 first introduction of Greek architecture into Egypt. 



One hundred and twelfth generation. May 1st, 567, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poet Euga- 

 mon of Cyrene ; the musician Pythocritus ; the philosopher Anaximenes ; Cadmus of Miletus who 

 first wrote history in prose. 



The Greek philosopher Pherecydes, preceptor of Pythagoras, visited Egypt (Clem. Alex. i. p. 

 129, and Leps. eg. and sin. p. 385), and is regarded by Cicero tusc. i. 16 as contemporary with Ser- 

 vius Tullius, sixth king of Rome. 



"564 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), at Delphi, Aesop arriving with presents from Croesus, giving 

 rise to some dispute, slain by the Delphians. 



" In this year " (= 544 + " 20 years" of Herodot, and Clint.), Alalia in Corsica founded by 

 Phocaean Greeks. 



"563 B. C." (Buddhist ann , and Buns, iv 7. 2), reform in the Hindu religion commenced by 

 Buddha, now in his "35th " year teaching. 



Mawrifera Indica of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Sanscrit " amra " (Roxb., and Pidd.), 

 in Bengalee " am," in Hindustanee " amba " (D'rozar.) in Telinga " mamadi-chitoo," in Tamil " man- 

 gas marum" (Lindl.); and the shrine of the seven " manguiers " is mentioned in the Sutra Mandhatn, 



