238 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



discourses of Budha with his pupil Ananda : — branches with leaves and fruit figured in cave-temples 

 at Ellora were remarked by myself: the "an-mo-lo " was observed in Hindustan by Hiouen-Thsang, 

 the "aniba" by Jordanus, the " anba " by Ebn Batuta, the " amba " by Nicolo Conti ; M. Indica by 

 Garcias, C. Acosta, Rheede, and Graham ; by myself, abounding throughout the low country and but 

 for the fine quality of the fruit readily mistaken for an indigenous forest-tree. Farther East, is said 

 by the natives to " grow wild " in Burmah, and is enumerated as indigenous by Mason v. p. 447 ; was 

 observed by Loureiro in Cochinchina, but is known in China and called " mong-kwa " (Bridgm.) ; is 

 called in Tagalo " manga," and was observed by Blanco, and myself, on the Philippines ; has only 

 Sanscrit and Telinga names on Java and the neighboring islands (Crawf.), is regarded by Blume as 

 exotic there and only naturalized, and was introduced within the memory of rnan into some remote 

 portions of the archipelago (Rumph. i. p. 95, and A. Dec). Westward, the " ambag " is mentioned 

 by Ebn Haukal (Gildem.) : M. Indica was observed by myself abundantly planted on Zanzibar ; 

 fruit brought to Mocha, produced as appears from Forskal in Yemen ; and seeds occurring even in 

 Egypt. By European colonists, M. Indica was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Bojer) ; to Brazil, 

 and thence in the middle of the Eighteenth century to the West Indies, where it is called mango 

 (Hughes p. 177, and Macfad. i. p. 221) ; to the Hawaiian Islands, where at the time of my visit the 

 trees were not full grown : is described by J. C. Scaliger, and C. Bauhin, from transported specimens. 

 " M. sylvatica " regarded by A. Decandolle as perhaps not distinct, was observed by Vaupell "near 

 Kennery caves " in the environs of Bombay (Graham), by Roxburgh i. p. 644 on the Eastern border 

 of Hindustan in Sylhet ; and is enumerated by Mason v. p. 447 and 774 as indigenous in Burmah, 

 distinguished by the natives and said by them to "grow wild." * 



Fiats re/igiosa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The poplar-leaved fig is called in Sanscrit "pippula" 

 or " bodhi-drooma " or " chuladula " or " koonjurashuna " or " aswattha," in Bengalee " aswat " or 

 " asood," in Telinga "rai," in Cingalese " bogaha " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee "pippul," in Tamil 

 " arasum-marum " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " bodhi " tree under which Gautama discoursed 

 — (Sutra Mandhatri) ; also the "iJron aig£irSna" in the days of Artemidorus on the African- side of 

 the entrance to the Red Sea (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), carried there by Banyans or Hindu merchants: F. 

 religiosa, introduced by them, was observed by myself at Muscat and on Zanzibar. Eastward, the 

 "pi-po-lo" was seen in Hindustan by the Chinese traveller Hiouen-Thsang 8 : F. religiosa in Hindu 

 mythology is the second " shadow-giving" tree on mount Meru, and from Guadama's dream while 



* Shorea robusta of Tropical Hindustan. The saul tree is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee 

 " sal," in Sanscrit " uswukurnika " or " sala " (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the " salas " woods of 

 the Sutra Mandhatri, — and the "sala" of the Institutes of Manu viii. 246, Bhavabhuti mal. ix., Kali- 

 dasa ragh. i. 14, and the Vishnu purana ii. 7 : S. robusta is known to grow from the Godavery to the 

 Ganges at Hurdwar and along the base of the Himalaya as far as the Brahmaputra, sometimes exclu- 

 sively occupying the forest (Roxb. cor. iii. pi. 212, Royle, and Bedd.) ; yields the resin known as 

 Jammer in the bazaars of Bengal, and its timber is highly valued and in very general use, being 

 stronger than teak but not so durable (Drur.). 



Syzygizun jambolanum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large and handsome tree called 

 in Sanscrit " jambu '' (Pidd.), in Hindustanee "jamoon," in Bengalee " kallajam," in Telinga " nare- 

 doo," in Tamil "nawel" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " jambool " (Graham); in which we 

 recognize the "djambu " under which Gautama was sometimes seated — (Avadan. Asok., and Burn, 

 i. 385), also the fourth and last " shadow-giving " tree on mount Meru in Hindu mythology (Mason v. 

 415): the "djambu "is mentioned also by Valmiki ramayan. iv. 44 (transl. Gorr.) ; the rose-apple 

 black with the ripening of its abundant fruit, by Bhavabuti maha-vir. v; and the " kakajambu " of 

 Susrutas chik. 24 is referred here by Hessler : S. jambolanum is described by Rumphius i. pi. 42 ; 

 was observed by Rheede v. pi. 29 in Malabar; by Graham, " in various parts of the Concan " and 

 "the commonest tree on the table-land of Mahableshwur," its fruit having "an astringent rouo-h fla- 

 vour" "sold in the bazars;" by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Tinnevelly and 

 Bengal, its timber valuable. Farther East, according to Mason p. 451, 511, and 745, seems known to 

 the Burmese, and may yield the bark "used as a mordant for blue and black dyes " and the "small 

 black plum " often " seen in bazar." 



Eragrostis? cynomroides of Tropical Hindustan. Called there " cusa " or •' cusha " (W. Jones) ; 

 in which we recognize " Kusigramaka," the name of a city in the Sutra Mandhatri, — and the • 

 "kusa" grass of the Vedas, or " darbha " of the Atharva Veda : eating with the tip of a blade of 

 "kusa'' grass is mentioned in the Dhammapada 70; cinctures of "kusa" are mentioned in the 

 Institutes of Manu ii. 43 ; and the " kusa " or " darb'ha " is prescribed medicinally by Dhanvantari 

 (stanzas in Susrut. chikits. 5) : E. cynosuroides was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; 

 by Koenig, Retz, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal ; and according to w! 

 Jones asiat. res. iii. 255, its leaves are very long, serrated, and sharp-pointed. 



