242 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



The same year (= " 60th olympiad "), the well-ascertained date of the poet Hipponax — (accord- 

 ing to Pliny xxxvi. 4). 



Cliclidonium majtis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain celandine 

 (Prior), in France " chelidoine " (Nugent), in Germany " schollkraut," in Italy "celidonia" or 

 "chelidonia maggiore " (Lenz), in Greece " Mlithonion " (Sibth.), in Egyptian " mothoth " (Syn. 

 Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the XEAIAONON :*APMAKON of Hipponax, — "hedithonion" 

 supposed according to Aristotle to restore sight to young swallows, and the " hedithonion mgga " of 

 Dioscorides having acrid yellow juice and fruit like that of the " kSratitithos mekdnos " horned 

 poppy : the " chalidunium " is mentioned also by Arab writers : C. majus was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, around villages in Greece and seemingly wild on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the 

 " hedithonion mgga " or " paionia " or " krataia " or " panthios riza " or " philomethedon " is identified 

 in Syn. Diosc. with the " kroustane " of the Dacians, " th6na " of the Gauls, and "phavioum" of the 

 Romans : the " chelidoniam maior " two cubits high with yellow flowers, is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 

 50 ; and two species of " chelidoniae," by Macer Floridus 52 : C. majus is described by Dodoens, 

 and Gerarde ; is termed " ch. m. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 231 ; and is known to occur in waste 

 places from Italy to Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 676, Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was 

 carried before 1669 (Toss.) to Northeast America, where it continues a garden weed in our Northern 

 and Middle States. Its juice according to Lindley "is a popular remedy for warts, and has been 

 employed successfully in opacities of the cornea." 



Brassica oleracea of the seashore of Northern Europe. Called in Britain cale or cole or colcwort 

 or cabbage (Prior), in France " chou " and the headed variety " chou cabus " (Nugent), in Germany 

 " kohl," in Italy the headed variety " capuccio '' or " cavolo capuccio " (Lenz), in Greece " lahanon " 

 (Sibth.), in Egypt " krumb " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the " kramve " identified by Aristotle, 

 and Athenaeus, with the PA^ANOE of Hipponax, — Ananias, Epicharmus, and others, imitating a 

 tree in its trunk according to Theophrastus i. 3. 4; known to the earlier Greeks in three varieties, 

 and especially commended by Pythagoras, Dieuches, and Chrysippus (Plin. xx. 33) : the "kramve" 

 is mentioned also in the Batrachomyomachia, and by Teleclides, Eupolis, Timaeus, Apollodorus of 

 Carystus, Nicander; its leaves according to Diphilus Siphnius, and Dioscorides, deteriorating in 

 Egypt after the first year, but seeds produced there commended for medicinal use: the headed or 

 leafy variety of B. oleracea according to Clot-Bey deteriorates in Egypt ; and the only kinds seen 

 there by Alpinus were the "brassica raposa " turnip-stemmed, and the cauliflower called there 

 " karnabid," in Greece " karnaviti " (Forsk.), by Florentinus " karnavathion " (geopon. ix. 28), and 

 by Theodoras Ptochoprodromus " karnavathin : " B. oleracea was seen also by Forskal, and Delile, 

 under cultivation in Egypt ; and by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in 

 Greece. Westward, the " kramve kepaia " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vrassika " of the 

 Romans; the "brassica" (from the Celtic " bresic ") is mentioned by Cato 156, Columella, and 

 the "brassica capitata " by Pliny : B. oleracea is described by Dodoens pempt. p. 626 ; is termed 

 "b. maritima arborea seu procerior ramosa" by Tournefort inst. 220; is cultivated from Italy 

 throughout middle and Northern Europe, and is known to grow wild on the sea cliffs of Northwestern 

 France, Britain, and Denmark (Pers., Bosc, Bab., and Fries). Eastward from Syria, is called in 

 Tartar " kapsta " (Moritzi), in Hindustanee and Bengalee "kobi " (D'roz.) or " kopee " (Picld.), but 

 has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, " commonly 

 cultivated during the cool season ; " by Royle him. 70, in Northern Hindustan ; by Mason, •' exotic " 

 in Burmah and called " them-bau-mung-la ; " by Loureiro, under cultivation in Anam and China. By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated; 

 also to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands, Taheiti, 

 Tongatabu, and New Zealand. 



Mentha crispa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " sisembro " 

 (Matth.) : the M I N H, coronary according to Hipponax, — mentioned also by Cratinus (Athen. ii), 

 by Theophrastus ii. 4. 1 and caus. ii. 16. 4 as a supposed degenerate form of "sisumvrion" from 

 neglected cultivation, maybe compared: the "sisumvrion" of Cratinus, Pherecrates, Strattis, Anti- 

 phanes, Philinus, Athenaeus xii. 78, mentioned as coronary by Theophrastus vi. 1. 1, Nicander, and 

 Dioscorides, is referred here by Matthioli : M. crispa was observed by Sibthorp wild in the Pelopon- 

 nesus ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt. Westward, the " sisum- 

 vrion" or " aphrothites stephanon" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " oustcr.ilis " or " £rva 

 "vSnerfia" of the Romans; the "sisymbrium" is mentioned by Ovid; by Pliny xix. 55 and xx. or, 

 as fragrant and growing near water, its branches pulled and cultivated: M. crispa is described by 

 Rivinus mon.pl. 50; is termed " m. rotundifolia crispa spicata " by Tournefort inst. 189; and is 

 known to grow near water in Italy, France, and middle Europe (Linn., Pers., and Dec). 



Mentha rotundifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Resembling and sometimes 

 confounded with the preceding, called in Greece " agrioethuosmos " (Sibth.), and possibly the 



