246 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



is besides cultivated as a garden flower (Lenz). Is enumerated with the preceding by ChristisOD, 

 and Lindley, " among the most active of the poisonous species." (See Adonis aestivalis). 



Anemone {Pulsatilla) jbratensis of the plains of Northern Europe and Asia. The "anemSne 

 melaina," included through Syn. Diosc. in the "atraktulis" of Pythagoras, — and described by 

 Dioscorides as more acrid than the preceding and having black " phulla " petals, may be compared : 

 P. pratensis was observed by Sestini as far South as Constantinople (Sibth.). Westward, is termed 

 "p. flore minore nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 284 ; is known to grow in open situations in middle 

 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 611, Vill., and Pers.) : and is enumerated by Stoerk, and 

 Lindley, among medicinal plants. (See Adonis autumnalis). 



Anemone {Pulsatilla) vulgaris of the plains of Northern Europe and Asia. An allied species, 

 possibly the " anemSne melaina " in question : — P. vulgaris was observed also by Sestini as far 

 South as Constantinople (Sibth.) ; is known to grow also throughout Siberia as far as Daouria (Dec, 

 and Steud.). Westward, is termed "p. folio crassiore et majore flore" by Tournefort inst. 284; is 

 known to grow in open situations in middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 153, Engl. bot. 

 pi. 151). The root according to Lindley is so acrid that the operator requires protection in pul- 

 verising it. 



Sinapis nigra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mustard (Lmdl), in 

 France '■ moutarde " (Nugent), in Germany " senf," in Italy " senape " or " senapa " (Lenz) ; in which we 

 recognize the " sinapi " whose penetrating power is commended by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 87) : the 

 "khardal" of Badigoras (Pythagoras), Maserjawia, and Rhazes, is distinguished by Ebn Baitar : 

 S. nigra was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus and around Constantinople ; but according 

 to Clot-Bey and Figari has only recently been introduced into Egypt. Westward, the phrase "teritur 

 sinapi " occurs in Plautus (Beda orthogr.) ; the " sinape " or " sinapi " is mentioned also by Col- 

 umella, and Palladius ; by Pliny xix. 54 as growing wild, improved by being transplanted, difficult to 

 exterminate where once sown, and one of three kinds "simile rapi foliis :" S. nigra is termed " s. rapi 

 folio " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy under cultivation as well as wild ; and 

 is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.). By European 

 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues springing spontaneously in cultivated 

 ground and around dwellings. The seeds according to Lindley are employed medicinally in different 

 preparations, including their flour " in the form of a poultice " as a local irritant. 



Sinapis alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white mustard 

 (Lindl.), in Germany " weisser senf," in Italy "senape bianca " (Lenz), in Greece " agriovrouva" 

 or " napi " or "sinapi" (Fraas) ; and possibly the "sinapi" of Pythagoras: — the phrase to look 

 " napu " occurs in Aristophanes eq. 631 ; and the " napu " of Polemon diaet. ii. 25, the Hippocratic 

 Affect. 40 and 1 Morb. mul 30, and Theophrastus, identified by Dioscorides with the " sinepi " of 

 Nicander an 1 others, is referred here by Fraas : S. alba was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus both wild and in gardens ; is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari 

 as only recently introduced into Egypt. Westward, the " napu " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the " sinapg " of the Romans ; and one of the three kinds of " napy " or "sinapi " is described by 

 Pliny xix. 54 as resembling the " erucae : " S. alba is termed " s. album siliqua hirsuta semine albo 

 et rufo " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; is cultivated and known to 

 occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe (Pers). By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and according to A. Gray has been found 

 springing up spontaneously. The seeds " in their entire state " are according to Lindley a stimu- 

 lating cathartic, and their flour is employed " in the composition of common table mustard." 



Ruta Montana of the Mediterranean countries. A species of wild rue called in Greece " agrios 

 peganos " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " ruta silvestris " of Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 51), and 

 "peganon agrion" and " oremon " of Dioscorides: the "ruta " distinguished from the " pegana " 

 by Cratinus (Athen.) may also be compared : R. montana was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in 

 mountainous dry situations in Asia Minor and Greece. Westward, the " peganon agrion " and 

 "oreinon" or " ruten oremen " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rrjuta montana" of the 

 Romans ; the account of the " ruta sylvestris " by Pliny seems in part taken from Dioscorides ; but 

 R. montana is described by Clusius hist. ii. p. 136, is termed " r. sylvestris minor "by Tournefort 

 inst. 257, was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, and is known to grow in Southern Europe as far 

 as Switzerland (Thuill , and Pers.). 



Ruta Patavina of the East Mediterranean countries. The kind of " ruta silvestris" distin- 

 guished as "marem" by Pythagoras, having smaller leaves herbaceous in colour or brighter green 



(Plin. xx. 51), may be compared: R. Patavina was observed by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus; by 

 Micheli n. g. xxii. pi. 19, near Padua in Italy (Pers.). 



Ilex aquifolium of Europe and the Caucasian countries. Called in Britain holly or holm or 

 hollen, in Anglo-Saxon "holen" or "holegn" (Prior), in France "houx" (Nugent), in Germany 



