OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 247 



" stechpalme," in Italy "alloro spinoso" or "agrifoglio" or "aquifolio" (Lenz), in Greece " lgo- 

 pourna " (Hawk ) ; in which we recognize the " aquifolia " whose flower is said by Pythagoras to 

 congeal water, — identified by Pliny xxiv. 72 and xxvii. 40 with the " crataegon " or " crataegona " of 

 Theophrastus iii. 15. 6, who describes it as a tree not large and the only one of its kind, bearing 

 round berries turning yellowish or blackish in ripening: I. aquifolium was observed by Hawkins, 

 Sibthorp, Grisebach, and Fraas, around Constantinople and on the mountains of Greece ; by Tchi- 

 hatcheff, in Asia Minor, but has not been met with beyond Caucasus (Pallas, Ledeb., Bieb., and A. 

 Dec). Farther South, the "krataigos" or " krataigfin " was known to Athenaeus ii. 34 in Egypt. 

 Westward, " vectes aquifolios " are mentioned by Cato ; the " aquifolium " is described by Pliny xv. 

 29 and xvi. 38 as a tree bearing berries, its leaves prickly and not deciduous : I. aquifolium after the 

 conversion of Britain was substituted in church ceremonies for the olive, and hence one of its English 

 names hulver from the French " olivier " (Googe's Naogeorgus, and Prior) ; is termed " aquifolium 

 sive agrifolium vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 600 ; is known to grow on the Alps and Pyrenees and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as " Lat. 62 15'" in Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 508, Gunner, and A. Dec). 

 By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Webb). The bark according to Lindley affords bird- 

 lime, is besides employed medicinally together with the leaves and root. 



Anthriscus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wild cicely 

 or cow parsley or cow weed m kecks or kecksies or kixes, in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century 

 "keiex," the "stemmes both of this herbe and hemlocke " used according to Lyte "for quills and 

 caxes to winde yarne upon " (Prior) : the " cicutam " of Pythagoras, — Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Per- 

 sius, the stem eaten but seeds noxious according to Pliny xxiv. 101 to xxv. 95, may be compared : 

 the "kikoutam" of the Romans is mentioned also in Syn. Diosc. iv. 79 ; and a pandean pipe of seven 

 "cicutis," by Virgil : A. sylvestris is described by Fuchsius p. 524 (Spreng.) ; is termed " ch. sylves- 

 tre perenne cicutae folio" by Tournefort inst. 314; is distinguished as " magna ramosissima odore 

 tetra " by Persoon ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of Italy and Spain (Boiss., and A. Dec), 

 occurring besides in cultivated ground " a common weed " as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 149, Curt, 

 lond. iv. pi. 24, Pers., and Lindl.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to occur as far as Caucasus (Lindl.) ; and was observed 

 by Schimper among the mountains of Abyssinia. Is according to Lindley the "herba cicutaria; " of 

 the shops, and is "reputed to be similar in its effects to hemlock only rather less narcotic." (See 

 Caucalis daucoides). 



Anthriscus vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rou«h 

 cicely or rough chervil or hc?n!ock-chervil (Prior) ; and possibly included with the preceding in the 

 "cicutam" in question : — the " wudu ceruille " or " wudu cerfillu " of the Anglo-Saxon translation 

 of Apuleius 86 may also be compared : A. vulgaris is termed " ch. sylvestre seminibus brevibus hir- 

 sutis " by Tournefort inst. 314 ; is known as " a common annual weed " on the borders of cultivated 

 ground from Italy to Britain (Scop., AIL, Jacq. austr. pi. 154, Curt. lond. i. pi. 19, Pers., Steud., and 

 Lindl.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to occur 

 also in the Crimea (Bieb , and Lindl.). The plant according to Lindley is "deleterious," and an 

 instance of several persons poisoned by its being placed by mistake in soup is related by Burnett. 



Mandragora officinalis of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Germany 

 " alraun " (Grieb), in France " mandragore " (Nugent), in Italy " mandragora " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " manthragoura " (Sibth.), in Palestine " yabrochak " (Royle), in which we recognize the "manthra- 

 goras " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " apgmoun," the " emionous " or " gonog£6nas " of 

 the prophets, ANO PO T OM OP*ON of Pythagoras, — and " thiamonon " or "arhinen " of Zoroaster : 

 the "manthragoras" is mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 39, Alexis, Demosthenes 133. 1, Aristotle 

 somn. 3, Apollodorus iii. 15, and Lucian tim., its root is prescribed in Locis in horn. 48, considered a 

 love-charm according to Dioscorides, and Venus sometimes termed " manthragoritSs " according to 

 Hesychius : the " manthragoras " is mentioned in the Septuagint translation of Gen. xxx. 14, confirmed 

 by Josephus ; the " ybrwhyn " in the Syriac translation, and the " ybruh " is mentioned by Abulfadli, 

 Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: M. officinalis continues known in Egypt from its imported root, enumer- 

 ated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally ; was observed by Hasselquist, and Mariti ii. 

 p. 195, growing in Palestine, its fruit edible "of the size and colour of a small apple, exceedingly 

 ruddy,' and of a most agreeable odour " (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands, its fruit remaining during winter 

 and the flowering of the succeeding Spring; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, 

 the " manthragoras " or " kirkaian " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mala te>r£stria " or " mala 

 canina" of the Romans; the "mandragora" is mentioned by Celsus v. 25, its fruit by Pliny xxy. 94 

 as sometimes eaten; and the " semihominis mandragorae " by Columella... : M. officinalis is 

 described by Platearius f. 241 (Spreng.), Tragus 126, Lobel pi. 267, and Stapel), is termed " m. 

 fructu rotundo " by Tournefort inst. 76 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland, and Spain (Pers., 



