248 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



and Lenz). The English term mandrake comes from the fraudulent substitution of a different root 

 cut into human shape (Brown pop. err. ii. 6, and Prior). 



Pimpinella anisum of Central Asia. The imported seeds called in Britain anise, in France and 

 Germany " anis " (Nugent, and Grieb), in Italy " granelli d' anice " (Lenz), in Greece " anison " or 

 "glukanison" and the plant "glukanthes" (Fraas), in Egypt "yansoun" (Del.); in which we recog- 

 nize the AN I EON commended by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 72), the Hippocratic writings, Evenor, 

 Iollas, Dieuches, Dalion, Sosimenes, Heraclides, Tlepolemus, the best according to Dioscorides pro- 

 duced on Crete, and the next best in Egypt ; the Egyptian kind is mentioned also by Columella xii. 

 51, and Pliny : P. anisum was observed by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt; by Sib- 

 thorp, and Fraas, seldom cultivated in Greece, but springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground. 

 Westward, the " anison " or " sion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " anisoum " of the Romans ; 

 and the "anisum" is mentioned by Celsus ii. 72, and Palladius : P. anisum is described by Matthioli 

 ii. pi. 113; is termed " apium anisum dictum semine suaveolente " by Tournefort inst. 305; and is 

 known to be sometimes cultivated as far as France (Pers., Targ-Tozz., and Lenz). Eastward from 

 Syria, is called in Hindustanee " anisun " or " saunf," in Bengalee "jira," known to D'rozario as a 

 kind of parsley ; was not seen by Mason v. 496 in Burmah, though the seeds are " much used by, the 

 native " physicians ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, sparingly cultivated in Japan and 

 called " kvaiko," or usually " uikjo " or " koikjo " or " kureno ommo " or " seri nisi." By European 

 colonists, was carried before 1669 to New England, where Josselyn found the seeds seldom ripening. 

 " The officinal preparations " according to Pereira, and Lindley, are in frequent medicinal use. 



Origanum majorana of Persia? Called in Britain marjoram, in medieval Latin " majorana " 

 (Prior), in France "marjorlaine " (Nugent), in Germany " majoran," in Italy "maggiorana" or 

 " amaraco " or "persa" or " samsuco " (Lenz), in Greece " masouran " (Forsk.) or " mantziourana " 

 pronounced " manschurana " (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen " mardakusj " or " mardakusch " (Forsk.); 

 in which we recognize the "amarakon" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " sopho," the 

 " rauouron " of the Armenians, "onos ie>c6s " or '■ ekigonos is<56s " of the prophets, and P AM B H £ 

 of Pythagoras: — the "amarakos" is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Chaeremon, Eubulus, Anti- 

 phanes, Theophrastus, Nicander, Meleager, Dioscorides i. 68, and is identified by Diodes of Carys- 

 tus with the " sampsouhon," produced according to Dioscorides iii. 41 of the best quality at Cyzicus 

 and on Cyprus, and the next best in Egypt: " sampsuchum " is given as the Syrian and Egyptian 

 name (Plin.) ; and the " naukratike " wreath, mentioned by Anacreon, was according to Atljenaeus of 

 " sampsuhos : " the '■ morsanjush " is mentioned by Avicenna : O. majorana was observed by Hassel- 

 quist, and Forskal, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; and by him, 

 and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece as fir as Constantinople. Westward, the "sampsuhon " is 

 mentioned as occurring in Sicily by Dioscorides ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the " mai- 

 zourana" of the Romans; the " sampsucum " or " amaracus " is mentioned by Lucretius, Catullus, 

 Virgil, Columella, and directions for its cultivation are given by Pliny xxi. 35: O. majorana is 

 described by Morison iii. pi. 3 ; and is known to be cultivated from Italy and Portugal throughout 

 middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Arabia, is called in Hindustanee " marzanjosh " or 

 " manva " or " nazbo " (D'roz.) ; and was observed by Graham " in gardens " in the environs of Bom- 

 bay. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues well known in 

 gardens. 



Sideritis montana of the Mediterranean countries. A horehound-like plant called in Germany 

 "gliedkraut" (Grieb): the "sitheritis" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " sSnthionSr," 

 the "gonon" or "aima titanou " or " oura skorpiou " of the prophets, TAPMIPON of Pythagoras, 

 — " vouphthalmon " of Osthanes, and "xanthophanSa " of Andreas, may be compared : the "sithe- 

 ritis " is described by Dioscorides as an herb a span or more high growing in stony places, its leaves 

 " prasio "-like but longer as in " elelisphakou " and " thruos " as well as smaller and rough, stems 

 quadrangular, not unpleasant to the taste and somewhat astringent, surrounded at intervals with 

 whorled balls after the manner of " prasiou " and containing black seeds, the leaves externally 

 applied agglutinating wounds and arresting inflammation : S. montana was observed by Forskal, and 

 Sibthorp, in stony places and on walls in Greece and Asia Minor as far as the Dardanelles and Smyrna. 

 Westward, the "sitheritis " or " eraklSian " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "outhethoni " 

 of the Numidians, and " ouSrtoumnoum " or " solSastroum " of the Romans ; but the account of the 

 sideritin " quadrato caule " by Pliny xxv. 19 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides :■ S. montana is 

 termed " marrubiastrum sideritidis folio caliculis aculeatis flore flavo cum limbo atro-purpureo " by 

 Tournefort inst. 190 ; is known to grow in Italy and Austria (Jacq. austr. v. pi. 434, and Pers.). 



AtripU'x hoiicusis of Tartary. Called in Britain orach, in old English "arach," by Galfridus pr. 

 pm. "arage," in France "arroche" (Prior), in Germany " melde " (Grieb), in Italy " bietolone " or 

 "spinacione" or " atriplice '' (Lenz), in Greece "vlita" or "spanakia" (Fraas), in Egyptian " 6hei " 

 (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize the "atriplex" condemned by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 83), 



