OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



249 



and J. Lydus mens. iv. 39; identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "atraphaxis" or "atraphaxun" 

 or " anthraphaxis " of Pherecrates, Hippocrates, Diocles, Theophrastus, Lycus of Neapolis, Diony- 

 sius, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 57: A. hortensis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in culti- 

 vated ground in Greece and as far as Constantinople, rare ; by Hasselquist, in gardens at Damietta ; 

 and is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants of Egypt. Westward, the " atraphaxis " or 

 " hrusolahanpn " is identified directly in Syn. Diosc. with the " atriplikSm " of the Romans ; the " atri- 

 plex " is said by Solon Smyrnaeus to be cultivated with difficulty in Italy, incorrectly according to 

 Pliny ; is mentioned also by Columella x. 337, and Palladius : A. hortensis is described by Matthioli i. 

 pi. 417, and C. Bauhin pin. 119 ; is termed "a. hortensis alba sive pallide virens " by Tournefort inst. 

 505 ; was observed by Lenz cultivated here and there in Italy ; and according to Loudon, is cultivated 

 to considerable extent in the neighborhood of Paris. Eastward from Syria, was observed by Lush, 

 and Nimmo, under cultivation " as a spinage " in Bombay and on the Deccan (Graham), but no native 

 name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was observed by 

 Pursh, and myself, springing up in cultivated ground in our Northern and Middle States, but may 

 have disappeared, being according to A. Gray "rarely cultivated as a pot-herb." 



Pedalium murex of the seashore of Eastern Africa and Hindustan. A prostrate herb called 

 in Telinga " yea-nugapulleroo," in Tamil " ana-neringie," in Malabar " kaka-mooloo," in Hindustanee 

 " burra-ghokeroo " (Drur.) ; and the " coracesia " and " callicia " said by the Magians and Pythago- 

 ras " aquam glaciari " — (Plin. xxiv. 99) may be compared : P murex was observed by Rheede x. 

 pi 72 in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "the fresh leaves have the property of thickening 

 water and rendering it mucilaginous ; " by N. L. Burmann pi. 45, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, 

 " common about Cape Comorin on the sea-shores " and as far as the " shores of Coromandel," its 

 leafy stems thickening butter-milk, and its seeds used as diuretic in dropsy. 



Gmelina parviflora of Southern Hindustan. A woody Verbenaceous plant, possibly included 

 with the preceding : — observed by Roxburgh cor. pi. 32 in Coromandel, its leaves like those of P. 

 murex having the power of rendering water mucilaginous (Pers., and Drur.). 



"529 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), "Thirteenth" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Pho- 

 caeans, the " Empire " over at least the East Mediterranean waters, acquired by the Samian Greeks 

 under Polycrates. 



"The same year" (= 538 — "9 years" of Alex. Polyhistor in Euseb., see Clint, i. p. 258 and 

 ii. p. 12), Cyrus slain in battle on the "plain of Dahar." His tomb (visited by Alexander, and 

 described by Strabo, and Arrian) is extant near Murghab (Lubke and Lutrow). He was succeeded 

 by Cambyses, second Persian emperor. 



A hieroglyphic inscription on the rock on the Kosser road, in which the chief architect traces his 

 lineal ancestors as far back as the " Twenty-fourth " generation, to an ancestral mother Nofratnue ; 

 "at a rough calculation about the end of the Nineteenth dynasty" (Leps. eg. and sin. 458). 



" 527 B. C." ( . . . . Clint, app. 2), Pisistratus succeeded by his eldest son Hippias, now with 

 his brother Hipparchus joint rulers of Athens. 



The same year = "44th year of Aahmas II. ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monu- 

 ments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 594). 



Momordica (Ecbaliwn) elaterium of the Mediterranean countries. The imported drug is called 

 in Britain elaterium (Lindl ), the plant in gardens spurting cucumber, in Germany " springgurke '' 

 (Grieb), in France " concombre e"lastique " (F^e), in Italy " elaterio " or " cocomero asinino " (Lenz), 

 in Greece " pikra aggoura " (Forsk.) or " agriagkouria " (Sibth.), in Egypt " katte el homar " (Forsk.) : 

 an instance of "glaterion " from the " sikuos agrios" — lasting two hundred years, was known to 

 Theophrastus ix. 14. I to 15. 6; " Slaterion " is mentioned also by Aeschylus choeph. 962, Hippo- 

 crates ; the " sikuos agroteYos," by Nicander ther. 867 ; and " sikuos agrios '' growing about dwell- 

 ings and in sandy situations, by Dioscorides: M. elaterium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent among rubbish from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands 

 to Constantinople ; by Forskal mat. med., its fruit imported from Syria and Sinai into Egypt, the 

 plant itself was received from Egypt by Linnseus. Westward, the "sikus agrios " or "elaterion " or 

 "valis" or " vonvalion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "kousim£zar" of the Numidians, and 

 " koukoumSrfhn roustikoum " or "agrSstSm " of the Romans ; " elaterium" from the "cucumin sil- 

 vestrem " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 2 : M. elaterium is termed " c. s. asininus dictus " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 104; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow wild in Italy and 

 other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). The extract according to Lindley is "a violent 

 cathartic and hydragogue." 



"526 B. C." (Clint, i. p. 236), Amosis II. succeeded by Psamme'hSrites or Psam- 

 | menitos, ninth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. Who reigned "six months " only 

 (according to the Afr.-Maneth. table, and Herodotus iii. 14). The name of Psame- 

 tik III. occurs at Karnak, and on a moveable article — now in Rome (Glid. analect.). 



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