250 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" 525 B. C." (Clint. = " 5th year of Cambyses," Maneth.), invasion of Egypt by the Persians 

 under Cambyses, aided on their march by the galleys of Polycrates. Obtaining possession, Cambyses 

 became the head of a new Egyptian dynasty, the " Twenty-seventh." Hieroglyphic ovals containing 

 the name of Kambatet occur on the Kosser road, and on moveable articles (now in Cairo, and 

 others in Rome, Glid. analect.). 



At Thebes, Cambyses split in twain one of the colossal statues of Amenatep III. — This statue 

 afterwards became the "vocal memnon," and when visited by Pausanias i. 42. 3, the upper half 

 remained, lying neglected on the ground. 



" In the time of Hipparchus " (Plut. vitios. pud., and Sm. b. d.), Xenophanes of Colophon main- 

 taining the unity of the Deity, without beginning without end, the animating power of the universe, 

 seeing everything, hearing everything, understanding everything, unlike man in mind and person, and 

 who cannot be known. He denounced the imputing human passions and weaknesses in the poetical 

 myths of Homer and Hesiod, and is quoted as the founder of Eleatic philosophy. He mentions 

 Pythagoras, and the founding of the city of Elea or Velia, — and is mentioned by Heracleitus, and 

 Epicharmus (D. Laert., and Sm. biogr. diet.). 



He also maintained, that the land had risen out of the sea : shells occurring inland and in moun- 

 tains ; relics of fishes and seals in the quarries at Syracuse ; an A$YA, herring, imbedded in rock on 

 Paros ; crusts of all marine productions on MSlitfl; and when the land sinking shall change back 

 again into mud, mankind will perish, and a new creation will succeed (Orig. Philos. iv.). Perhaps 

 the earliest geological observations on record. 



The star-like " thioskourous," electric lights on the rigging of ships during storms, are attributed 

 to the same cause as lightning by Xenophanes — (Stob. i. 25, Plut. plac. phil. ii. 18, and Galen xiii) ; 

 are mentioned also by L. Seneca nat. i., and Pliny; and in the days of Columbus, were termed by 

 Mediterranean sailors "the body of St. Elmo " (F. Columb. 46). 



Cerasus avium of Europe, and as far as Caucasus. The sour cherry is called in Britain maz- 

 zard from the medieval Latin " manzar," explained by Galfridus pr. pm. as "spurius, pelignus " 

 (Prior), in France " bigarreaux " (Pers.), in Greece " kSrasia " (Fraas); in which we recognize the 

 KE PAEON of Xenophanes — (Poll. vi. 46), Democritus (geopon. iv. 7), and Diphilus Siphnius ; men- 

 tioned by Theophrastus iii. 13. 1 as a tree twenty-four cubits high, and distinguished as sour-fruited 

 by Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 22 : C. avium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild in the 

 mountain woods of Greece; is known to grow also on Caucasus (Ledeb. ii. p. 6). Westward, a 

 beam of "cerasus" forty cubits long by two in diameter throughout, is mentioned by Pliny xvi. 54: 

 P. avium occurs in seeds in the debris of early lake-villages of Switzerland ; is described by Bauhin, 

 and Blackwell pi. 425 (Pers.) ; is known to grow wild in middle Europe (A. Dec), is besides very 

 generally cultivated. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is culti- 

 vated indiscriminately with C. cerasus ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was not seen flower- 

 ing by Bojer. 



524 B. C. = "6th year of Kambatet " or Cambyses on the rocks at Hammamat; the latest date 

 in his reign found on the Egyptian monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 596, and Birch). In or "about 

 this year" (Clint, i. p. 236, see also Herodot. iv. 165), submission to Cambyses of Arcesilaus III., 

 sixth Greek king of Cyrene. 



"523, Wednesday July 16th, one hour before midnight" (as reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian 

 of Alexandria, Blair), Fifth Babylonian eclipse of the moony "above six digits eclipsed on the North 

 part of her disk." 



"522 B. C." ( . . . Blair, and Clint.), Polycrates king of Samos put to death by Oroetes, the 

 Persian prefect of Sardis. Anacreon by invitation of Hipparchus now left Samos to reside in Athens 

 (Plat, hipparch. p. 22S, and Sm. b. d.). 



Smyinium olus-atrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain alisanders 

 or horse-parshy, in France " grande ache " or " ache large " (Prior), in Italy " macerone " or " smir- 

 nio" (Lenz), in Greece " skulosfilinon " or " maurosSlinon " (Fraas) or " agrioselinon" (Sibth.); in 

 which we recognize the " agriosSlinon " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the KO^EION fr 

 £y\AYPNEION of Anacreon — (schol. Nic. ther. 596), and " ipposelinon " of Pherecrates, Aristotle 

 probl. xx. 7, Theophrastus vii. 6. 3, eaten as a potherb according to Diosco'rides, also the root either 

 crude or cooked: known to Athenaeus in Egypt, and mentioned as occurring there by Apuleius 

 Barbarus : S. olus-atrum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 

 to Cyprus and the shore of Caria in Asia Minor. Westward, the " ipposSlinon " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc, as well as by Pliny, with the " olous atroum " of the Romans ; the " atrum olus " is mentioned 

 by Plautus pseudol. iii. 2, Columella xii. 58, and as a cultivated plant by Pliny xix. 48 : S. olus-atrum 

 according to Beckmann was generally cultivated throughout Europe until superseded by celery " about 

 the end of the Seventeenth century ; " is described by Fuchsius p. 327 ; is termed " s. Matthioli " 

 by Tournefort inst. 316; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; and is known to grow to all appear- 



