OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 25 1 



ance wild from Spain to Britain (Pers., Bromf., and A. Dec). Its fruit according to Lindley "is 

 carminative and used to be officinal." 



Aspleniutn trichomanes of Northern climates. Called in Britain bristle fern (Prior), in Italy 

 " tricomane " (Lenz), in Greece " polutrihi " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " trih6*man£s " 

 identified by Galen with the "kallitrihon," and the latter by Scarlatos with the KAAAI*YAAON 

 of Anacreon, — prescribed in potion in 7 Popular. 81: the "trihomanSs" is described by Theo- 

 phrastus vii. 14 as having a stem like that of " athianton mfilan " and numerous small leaves opposite 

 each other ; by Dioscorides, as resembling " ptgrithi," small and smooth, with thin lentil-like leaves 

 on blackish stems : A. trichomanes was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on 

 shaded walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; by Forskal, on mountain-sum- 

 mits in Tropical Arabia. Westward, the " trihomanSs " or " pt£rion " or "optSron" is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " kapillargm " or "pinoulam" or " philiklam " of the Romans; the "tricho- 

 manes" is described by Pliny xxvii. ill as resembling " adianto " but smaller and blacker: A. 

 trichomanes is termed "trichomanes sive polytrichum officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 539, and is 

 known to grow in Italy and throughout Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 576, and Lenz). Farther West is 

 known to grow on Madeira (coll. sice.) ; was observed by myself in clefts of rocks in our Atlantic 

 States from Lat. 43 to 40 ; by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; and is known to grow on the Alleganies 

 to their Southern termination (Chapm.). 



" 521 B. C." (= 529 — " 7 y. 5 mo. — 7 months '' of Herodot., Clint, i. p. 258 and ii. p. 16), 

 Cambyses succeeded by Darius, third Persian emperor. Hieroglyphic ovals containing the name 

 of Ntarius occur at Edfu (Leps. eg. and sin. 117), also on rocks on the Kosser road, on temples in 

 the Oasis el Khargeh and Oasis of Amnion ; and (according to Glid. analect.) on papyri in the 

 Demotic character. 



"The same year" (according to Blair) "is counted the 227th and 228th year of Nabonassar, as 

 one began January 1st, the other December 31st." 



520 (= 519 y. I38ff$ d. = 587 y. I07ff $■ d. — 70 years of twelve lunations), end of the " three- 

 score and ten years " of 2 Chron. xxxvi. 21 ; " in the second year of Darius " (according to Haggai 

 i. 1, Zechariah i. 1 to 16, and Ezra iv. 24). — Zechariah vii. 1 to 5, speaking at Jerusalem in the 

 "fourth " year of Darius, alludes to the completion of the period. 



" 519 B. C. = 1st year of Keng-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



518 B. C. = "4th year of his reign," Darius in Egypt offering a premium for the discovery of a 

 new Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 



" April 9th." On the " 1st day of the Fifth month in the 2d year of Khing-wang " (Khoung-tseu, 

 Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 108), eclipse of the sun. 



In this year (= 550 — "32 years" of the Mahavamsi i. p. 29), end of the reign of Ajatasatru. 

 His successor is called Udayibhadra — in the Asoka avadana (Burnouf introd. 358). 



516 B. C. = "6th year of the reign of Darius," Ezr. vi. 15), completion of the new temple at 

 Jerusalem. Described by Haggai ii. 3 as an inferior building, in the eyes of those who had seen the 

 first temple, " in comparison of it as nothing." 



Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Tapomurti reigning 

 in Hindustan. 



Desmodium triflorum of Tropical Asia. A procumbent diffuse trifoliate plant having no San- 

 scrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.), but called in Hindustanee " kodaliya," in Bengalee " koodaliya," in 

 Telinga " moonoodna-mooddoo " (Drur.) ; from early times supplying feed for cattle : — observed by 

 Graham "common in the rains" in the environs of Bombay; by Wight, and Drury, "springing up 

 in all soils and situations" in peninsular Hindustan, the fresh plant applied by the natives "to ab- 

 scesses and wounds that do not heal well ;" by Burmann pi. 54, on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, as far as 

 Bengal ; by Mason v. 478 to 767, indigenous in Burmah and the most valuable plant in the country 

 for feeding cattle, being "a good substitute for clover and lucerne ; " is known to grow also in China 

 (Pers.), and as far even as Timor (Decaisne). Westward from Hindustan, possibly by Hindu or 

 Arab colonists was carried to Zanzibar, observed by myself seemingly wild there ; is known to grow 

 also in Guinea (fl. Nigr.). Probably by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, 

 observed there by Bojer; to the West Indies, for it is not mentioned by early writers though now 

 well-known there (Swartz obs. pi. 6, Macfad., and A. Dec), as also in Guayana (Pers.) and Mexico as 

 far as Acapulco (Benth. bot. sulph.).* 



* Smithia sensitiva of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small decumbent pinnate-leaved annual, 

 also from early times supplying feed for cattle : —observed by Graham " common in Bombay towards 

 the close of the rains;" by Rheede ix. pi. 38, in Malabar; by Wight, in other parts of peninsular 

 Hindustan ; by Mason v. 478, in Tavoy, said to make "excellent hay." 



