252 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"514, July or August "(.... Clint.), at the time of the Panathenaia Magna, Hipparchus son of 

 Pisistratus and ruler of Athens slain by conspirators. 



"513 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), Fourteenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Samians, 

 the " Empire " over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired by the Spartans. — Held by 

 them " two " years. 



"511 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint, i. p. 174), in Southern Italy, the city of Sybaris destroyed by 

 the inhabitants of Crotona, led by Milo the wrestler. 



" The same year" (=513 — "2 years " of Diodorus in Euseb.), Fifteenth change in naval domin- 

 ion. Leaving the Spartans, the " Empire " over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired 

 by the Naxian Greeks. 



"Nov. 14." On the "first day of the Twelfth month in the 9th year of Khing-wang (Khoung- 

 tseu, Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 



" 510 B. C," and in the reign of Amyntas, ninth king of Macedonia (Herodot., Dexipp, Euseb., 

 and Clint.), the dynasty of the Pisistratidae expelled from Athens. 



" 509, Feb. 24th " (Blair), Tarquinius Superbus and family expelled from Rome, and govern- 

 ment by consuls instituted. Shortly afterwards, the Romans subdued by Porsena lars or king of the 

 Etruscans; a sceptre, golden crown, ivory throne, and triumphal robe, sent him by the senate, and 

 the Romans prohibited by treaty from using iron for any other purpose but agriculture (Virg. aen. 

 viii. 646, Tacit, iii. 72, Dionys. v. 34, and Plin. xxxiv. 39). — The Etruscan domination lasted only 

 about three years, and was checked at Aricia by the united forces of Latium and the Greeks of Cumae 

 (Liv. ii. 15, and Dionys. vii. 5). To the Etruscan period are assigned by universal tradition the great 

 architectural works in Rome of the Cloaca Maxima and the Capitol (Sm. geogr. diet.). 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d., and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. 20), first treaty between the Romans 

 and Carthaginians. 



" 508 B. C." About this time (Wesseling, and Clint, ii. p. 379), Darius crossing the Danube on 

 his Scythian expedition. During "more than sixty days" that he continued North of the river, he 

 appears to have reached central Europe. 



The Paeonians of Lake Prasias, near the border of Macedonia, escaped the dominion of the Persians 

 in consequence of having their village on piles or posts at a distance from the shore, communicating 

 only by a narrow bridge (agreeing therefore with the lake-villages of ancient Switzerland). Within 

 the village, polygamy was in vogue ; young children were tied by the foot to prevent their falling 

 overboard; and in the absence of hay, horses and beasts of burden were fed on fish (Herodot. v. 16, 

 and Troyon p. 206). — In Norway and along the colder portion of the European coast, according to 

 Thorm. Torffaeus, cattle are fed on fish : I have seen a horse eat raw fresh-water fish here in New 

 England. 



" 507 B. C." ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), P. Valerius Poplicola and M. Horatius Pulvillus consuls at 

 Rome, and dedication by the latter of the temple on the Capitol. 



"506 B. C." ( . . . Sm. b. d.), after the return of Darius, Megabazus was left in charge 

 of the countries West of the Bosphorus, and a saying of his in praise of the site of Byzantium has 

 been preserved (Herodot. iv. 144). He sent to Amyntas the Macedonian king a demand for earth 

 and water in token of submission ; in complying a difficulty arose in which the Persian envoys were 

 slain, and Megabazus was pacified by receiving in marriage Gygaea daughter of Amyntas. 



The conquests of Darius extending to or including a portion of Hindustan ; at least, a satrap or 

 local governor was appointed (Herodot.). 



Zoroaster, according to the Zend Avesta, lived in the reign of Vitacpa (Gushtap of the Persians 

 or Darius Hytaspis) : and Zoroaster of Proconnesus (according to Pliny xxx. 2) " paulo ante " a 

 little before — Osthanes and the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. 



Lactuca virosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of wild lettuce called in 

 Italy "lattuga selvatica" or "lattuga velenosa" or "scariola" (Lenz), in the environs of Constanti- 

 nople "galatzitha" (Forsk.), in Egypt " Hbbeyn " (Del.), in Egyptian " iobonsos " (Apulei. 31); in 



Ulmns integrifolia of districts more or less mountainous in Hindustan and Burmah. The Indian 

 elm is called in Telinga " naulie " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " woula " or " keul " or " papura " 

 (Graham); and from early times one of the trees selected to keep straw and unthrashed °rain in the 

 forks of the branches, out of the way of cattle : U. integrifolia was observed by Law in the Southern 

 Mahratta country, by Auld in the Kandesh jungles, by Nimmo, and Graham, in the environs of Bom- 

 bay, the leaves "deciduous in October" and the wood used for "the same purposes as that of" the 

 English elm, for " carts, door frames, etc. ; " was observed by Buchanan on the ghauts near Arcot ; 

 by Roxburgh cor. i pi. 78, on the Circar mountains (Pers.) ; is known to grow on the foot of the 

 Himalaya (Drur.) ; and was observed by McClelland in the Pro me district of Burmah (see U. alter- 

 nifolia) . 



