256 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"498 B. C." = "2d year of the Ionian war" (Herodot., and Clint.), Cyprus recovered by the 



Persians. . , , 



» In or about this year" ( . . . Sm. b. d.), Amyntas succeeded by his son Alexander, now tenth 



king of Macedonia. , . 



.SWn/.r a^fer of Europe and Northern Asia. The " sonchos niger" regarded by Cleemporus 

 as unfit for food, -but employed medicinally by Agathocles (Plin. xxii. 44), may be compared : as 

 also the "soghos" described by Theophrastus vi. 3 as having prickly leaves, and by Dioscondes 

 as "agricthSsteron" and more prickly: S. asper has not been observed in Greece by modern 

 travellers but may have been confounded and overlooked. Westward, the " soghos. trahus is 

 -identified' in Syn. Diosc. with the "kikervita aspera " of the Romans, and " gathouonem " of the 

 Numidians ; S. aspera is described by Fuchsius 8, and is known to grow in waste and cultivated 

 ground nearly to the Arctic region (Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow 

 alon<r the Altaian mountains and as far as Daouria (Ledeb.), and was obtained by Wallich 362 in 

 Hindustan (herb. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was 

 observed by La Pylaie on Newfoundland, by myself along salt marshes from Lat. 42 30' to 38 m 

 Maryland, by Chapman in Florida, and by Short in Kentucky; was carried to Brazil (Lund); to 

 Chili (Poeppig) ; to Austral Africa (Drege) ; to Southwest Australia (Steetz) ; to New Zealand, 

 where I found it naturalized ; and to the Hawaiian Islands, occurring near the salt-works, to all 

 appearance introduced with the wholesale manufacture of salt. 



"495, J ul Y -- d -" 0n the " first da y of the Ei g hth month in the 25th year of Khing-wang '' 

 (Khoung-tseu, Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 



Hardly later than this date, Simonides in Thessaly composing his Epicinian ode on the victory of 

 the Thessalian chief or king Scopas II. in the chariot-race. The death of Scopas II. and accession 

 of Aleuas II. followed the recitation (Herodot. vii. 6, Phan., Callim., and Athen. x. p. 438). 



The following forms of letters termed Simonidean, M, 5, Q, are as early possibly as this date. 

 (See Franz). 



"494 B. C." ( .... Sm. b. d.), A. Virginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus and T. Veturius Geminus 

 Cicurinus consuls, and M. Valerius Volusus Maximus dictator, the populace of Rome withdrawing 

 discontented to mount Sacer, persuaded to return and tribunes of the people and aediles of the people 

 instituted. 



" The same year " = " 6th year " of the Ionian war (Herodot. vi. 21, and Clint.), naval combat 

 near Miletus ; the city captured by the Persians, and the war terminated. Soon afterwards, a drama 

 by Phrynichus on the capture of Miletus so excited the feelings of the Athenians that its repetition 

 was prohibited. 



"In this year" ( . . Sm. b. d), victory in the chariot-race at the Pythian games gained 

 by Xenocrates of Agrigentum through his son Thrasybulus, and the event celebrated by Pindar 

 in his second ode in point of time. 



Quercns suber of the West Mediterranean countries. The cork oak is called in Italy " sughero " 

 or " sovero " or " suvero " (Lenz), in Greece together with the bark " phellos " (Fraas) ; in which we 

 recognize the <J>EAAOS of Pindar pyth. ii., — Aeschylus choeph. 499, Theophrastus, Lucian ii. 107, 

 and Oppian h. iii. 374 ; its timber in the days of Pliny xvi. 13 sometimes imported into Greece: 

 Q. suber is said by Fraas to occur in some instances in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor (perhaps 

 planted?). Westward, the "phSllos " is described by Theophrastus iii. 16 as a tree of Italy and 

 Spain ; the " suber " is mentioned by Vitruvius, Sidonius, and as growing in Italy by Columella, and 

 Pliny : Q. suber is known to grow also in Barbary and Spain (Duham. ii. pi. 80, and Pers.). Its 

 imported bark must have reached Egypt at an early period ; and mainly through European colonists, 

 has become scattered almost universally over the Globe. 



•'492 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint.), the successful Persian fleet, proceeding under Mardonius 

 against Greece, dispersed in part near mount Athos by a storm; and the portion of the forces that 

 succeeded in reaching land led back to Asia. Macedonia was now compelled to submit to Mardonius, 

 and its king Alexander became vassal to the Persians. 



Under Darius (Lubke and Lutrow), commencement of the imperial palace at Persepolis : — the 

 building into which Alexander threw burning torches ; at the present day called " Tschihil Minar," 

 being " the grandest and most wonderful monument" of Persian architecture extant. 



Cichorium intybus of Central Asia. Called in Britain succory or chicory, in France " chicore'e " 

 (Prior), in Germany " cichorie " or " wegewarte " (Grieb), in Italy " cicoria " or " radicchio " (Lenz), 

 in Greece " rathiki " or "pikrolithi " or " papathoulia " (Sibth.), in Egypt " sjikurie " or "hendeb" 

 (Forsk.) or "cichorium" (Plin.), in Egyptian " hrintou " (ms. Par.) or "annotshe> " (Edw.) or 

 "iannotshSr" (Kirch.) or "agon" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the "cichorium" used for 

 anointing by the Magians and called "chreston" or '• pancration" — (Plin. xx. 30), also the 

 "kihorion" of Theophrastus vii. 9. 2 to ix. 12. 4, and Nicander alex. 429, identified by Dioscorides 

 with the "sfiris agria : '' C. intybus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, around 



