OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



257 



cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and 

 Delile, a weed in Egypt and sometimes cultivated (A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also around Caucasus 

 and in the Talusch country (Ledeb.). Westward, the " cichorium " of Egypt is identified by Pliny 

 with the "erraticum intubum," in Syn. Diosc. with the " intuvoum. agrSstgm" of the Romans; the 

 "cichoreum" is mentioned by Horace i. 31. 17, and the "intybum" by Columella x. in, and 

 Palladius : C. intybus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 1007 ; is termed "c. sylvestre sive officinarum" 

 by Tournefort inst. 479; is known to occur in fallow ground and along roadsides from Italy nearly 

 to Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 607, Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to grow as far 

 as Lake Baikal (Ledeb.) ; was observed by Bunge iji gardens and waste ground around Pekin, but 

 regarded there as exotic ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, abundantly cultivated as an esculent in 

 Japan and called "kio," or usually " tsisa." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it has become naturalized, occurring especially along New England roadsides. The 

 root, besides being used medicinally, is according to Lindley (A. D. 1838) " extensively cultivated, 

 especially in France, as a substitute for coffee." 



Cichorium endivia of Hindustan. Called in English gardens endive, in Spain " endivia " (Prior), 

 in Germany " endivie," in Italy " endivia " or " e. maggiore " (Lenz), in Greece " emSra rathikia " 

 (Fraas) or " rathike," or by the Turks " hiddiba," in Egypt " hendibe " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " saris " 

 (Akerblad) or "serin" — (Plin.) ; in which we recognize -the "sSritha" of Epicharmus, and "serfs 

 kepSutes " cultivated as an esculent according to Dioscorides : C. endivia was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Cyprus, cultivated 

 and seemingly wild, its leaves eaten as a substitute for lettuce ; by Forskal, and Delile, under culti- 

 vation in Egypt. Westward, the " serin " of the Egyptians is identified by Pliny xix. 39 to xx. 29 

 with the " cichorium sativum " or cultivated " intubum ; " the herb called " seris " is mentioned by 

 Varro iii. 10. 5 ; " amaris intuba fibris," by Virgil geor. iv. 120 ; and the "sSrin" of the Greeks a 

 kind of "intubi," by Columella viii. 14. 2: C. endivia is described by Dodoens pempt. 634, and 

 Bauhin hist. ii. p. 1007 ; is termed " c. latifolium sive endivia vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 479 ; 

 was observed by Forskal seemingly wild near Marseilles ; and is known to be cultivated from Italy 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 378, and Mill.). Eastward from Egypt, is 

 called in Hindustanee "hindaba" or "kasni" (D'roz.), in Tamil " kashi " (Pidd.) ; was observed 

 by Law, and Graham; "in gardens " from Surat to Bombay ; is known to grow wild from Patna and 

 Kamaon to Nepaul (Hamilt, Wall., and Dec), and a species perhaps identical was observed by 

 myself clearly indigenous on the Deccan. Farther East, is cultivated in Northern China (Lour., 

 Staunt., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg around Jedo in Japan, esculent and called " fanna 

 tsisa." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 

 tion in our Middle States. 



A ntirrhinum orontium of the Mediterranean countries. The calves-snout is called in France 

 " mufflier rubicond" (Fe'e) ; in which we recognize the " antirrhinon " regarded by the Magians as 

 cosmetic and to be worn as an amulet — (Plin. xxv. 80), mentioned also by Hippocrates, by Theo- 

 phrastus ix. 19. 2 as rootlets (annual) and having fruit like the nostrils of a calf, referred here by 

 Matthioli and others: the " anarrhmon " is mentioned also by Nicander fr. 13, Dioscorides, and is 

 identified in the added Synonyms with the " anarrinon " or "luhnitha agrian," by Galen with the 

 " voukranion : " A. orontium was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground in Greece 

 and on the Greek islands. Westward, the "antirrhinon" or " anarrhinon " or "lychnis agria"is 

 described by Pliny as resembling flax : A. orontium according to Euricius Cordus has fruit like the 

 head of a calf "tarn exquisita simihtudine ut etiam os et nares appareant" (Spreng., and Prior) ; is 

 termed "a. arvense majus " by Tournefort inst. 168; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near 

 Marseilles ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground in Sicily, Algeria, and throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Guss., Munby, and A. Dec). 



Antirrhinum majus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain snap-dragon (Prior), in 

 France "grand mufflier" (Fe'e), in Germany "grosses lowenmaul," in Italy "bocca di leone"or 

 "antirrino" (Lenz), in Greece "agria phouskouni " (Fraas) ; and possibly the "antirrinon" of the 

 Magians : — clearly the flower having a lion's mouth mentioned by Columella x. 98 : A. majus was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus 

 to Constantinople. Westward, is termed " a. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 168; was observed by 

 Lenz in Italy; by Forskal, on Malta and near Marseilles ; and escaping from gardens has become 

 naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Fries) ; in Britain, was known to Gerarde 

 p. 439 only in gardens, is not included among spontaneously-growing plants by Ray and Dillenius, 

 but in 1778 was found by Hudson completely naturalized, occurring even on cliffs (Bab., and 

 A. Dec). 



491 B. C. = " 31st year of Darius," birth of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 



" April 25th, Wednesday, ten hours and forty minutes after mid-day " (as reduced by Ptolemy to 



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