258 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



the meridian of Alexandria, Blair), Seventh Bahylonian eclipse of the moon: "two digits eclipsed on 

 the South." 



Medicago sativa of Tartary. Called in Britain lucerne or medick (Prior), m Italy " medica " or 

 "erba medica" (Lenz), in which we recognize the " medica " brought by the Medes into Greece 

 during the wars of Darius — (Plin. xviii. 43), or the " methike " of Amphilochus, Aristotle, Theo- 

 phrastus viii. 7. 7., Epicurus, Strabo, Dioscorides, and Plutarch : M. sativa was observed by Sibthorp 

 frequently cultivated in Greece for fodder, but as appears from Chaubard, and Fraas, its cultivation 

 has nearly ceased : the plant is enumerated by Clot-Bey as introduced only recently under Mohammed 

 Ali into Egypt, where it is called " bersym Heggiasy." Westward, the " medica " and its cultivation 

 in Italy are mentioned by Varro, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, and Palladius ; and its French and Ger- 

 man name " luzerne " indicates that the plant reached middle Europe by the Greek or St. Gothard 

 pass across Switzerland : M. sativa is described by Bauhin hist. ii. p. 381 ; is termed " medica major 

 erectior" bv Tournefort inst. 410; and is known to occur cultivated and naturalized in Italy, Sar- 

 dinia, Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe (Oliv. de Serres, Moris, Munby, and Wats.). 

 Eastward from Greece, is known to grow wild from Caucasus to Cashmere and throughout Siberia 

 (Bieb., Ledeb., and Royle) ; has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec ) ; was observed by Gibson, and Graham, 

 " cultivated in the Deccan for feeding horses, also in Goozerat where it is coming fast into use." By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where though not thriving it continues under 

 cultivation, and has even been found growing spontaneously (Dark, and A. Gray); also to Austral 

 Africa (Drege). 



"490 B. C." (Herodot, and Clint.), the Second Persian armament, commanded by Datis and 

 Artaphanes, defeated by the Athenians under Miltiades at Marathon. The tumulus erected over 

 the Athenian slain, — and mentioned by Pausanias i. 32. 3, remains to the present day (Sm. geogr. 

 diet.). Aeschylus fought at Marathon. Natives of Hindustan may have been in the Persian army, 

 for an INA05 is mentioned by Aeschylus suppl. 2S1. — " inthikos " articles from Hindustan are 

 mentioned by Sophocles antig. 102. 



Erica multiflora of Europe. A species of heath called in Greece " reke " (Sibth.) ; in which we 

 recognize the EPEI KH of Aeschylus ag. 286, — " griken " of Eupolis, Plutarch symp. iv. 1, and the 

 " SrSike " described by Dioscorides as a tree-like shrub resembling the tamarisk but much smaller, 

 whose flowers injure the quality of honey : E. multiflora was observed by Sibthorp abounding on the 

 mountains around Athens, flowering in winter, and the honey collected from it by bees sold much 

 cheaper than summer honey. Westward, the " mel ericaeum " is described by Pliny xi. 15 as of 

 inferior quality and brought after the first showers of autumn, when the " erice " is alone in flower • 

 E. multiflora is described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 42, and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France 

 (Pers.; see E. arborea). 



Erica licrbacca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " riki " or " reike " or " erei- 

 ke " (Sibth.); and possibly included in the EPEIKH of Aeschylus, — and Theophrastus i. 23: E. 

 herbacea was observed by Sibthorp everywhere frequent in Greece. Westward, is termed " e. pro- 

 cumbens ternis foliolis carnea" by Tournefort inst. 603 ; and is known to grow as far North as Mora- 

 via (Jacq. austr. pi. 32, Pers., and A. Dec). 



Bellis iylvestris of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " ISmonohorton '' (Sibth.); 

 and possibly included in the A N G E A : A E I M Q N I A of Aeschylus, — and Aristophanes nub. 1364 : B. 

 sylvestris was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, vernal, and closely resembling Bellidiastrum 

 Michelii, but devoid of pappus. Westward, is described by Cyrillo ii. pi. 4 ; and is known to grow in 

 Italy and Barbary (Desf., Pers., Tenore, and Bory). 



Morus nigia of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain mulberry (Prior), in Germany 

 " maulbeere " (Grieb), in France " mure " (Nugent), in Italy " moro nero " (Lenz), in Greece " m6r£a " 

 or " sukamemSa" (Fraas), in Egypt "tout chamy " Syrian mulberry (Del.), in Egyptian "nouhi" 

 (transl. Luke, lex. Oxf., and Kirch) ; in which we recognize the MO PO N of Aeschylus phryg., changed 

 from the original Attic name "sukamina" — (according to Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 102) ; the " moron " 

 is mentioned also by Sophocles, and Dioscorides, but Athenaeus ii. 36 found the term confined to 

 the Alexandrians only: the "sukaminos" is mentioned by Pythermus, Eubulus, Amphis, Philippides, 

 Theophrastus caus. vi. 6. 4, Hegesander, by Luke xvii. 6 as occurring in Palestine, and is identified 

 with the "morfia" by Dioscorides: M nigra was observed by Forskal cultivated for its fruit at 

 Constantinople, by Chaubard under cultivation in the Peloponnesus, and by Forskal, Delile, and 

 Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt; is known to grow seemingly wild from Lenkoran South of the 

 Caucasus as far as the Caspian (Pers., and Ledeb.). Westward, the "sukaminon" is identified by 

 Celsus iii. 18 with the " morum " of the Romans, and the "morus" tree is mentioned by Horace, 

 Columella v. 10. 20, Pliny xv. 27, and Palladius: M. nigra was employed to feed the silk-worms 

 introduced in "1 148 A. D." into Italy (Crescenzio, Targioni, and A. Dec); continues abundant in 

 Italy (Lenz), and is known to be planted throughout middle Europe. Eastward from the Caspian, 



