OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 259 



was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called "soo," or usually 

 "kuwa." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues sparingly 

 planted for its fruit; and "in 1837" to Bombay (Graham). The bark according to Lindley "said 

 to be cathartic and anthelmintic." 



E-vonymus Europaus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain spindle- 

 tree or prick-wood or gadrise from "being used to make skewers, shoemaker's pegs, and goads,'^ in 

 Germany "pinnholtz" (Prior), in France "fusain'' (Fe*e), in Italy "fusaro" or "fussaggine" or 

 " evonimo " (Lenz) ; and knowledge of the tree seems implied in the word " eu6numos " signifying 

 unlucky in Aeschylus prom. 488; — the "Sufinumon" tree is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 13 

 as growing on mount Ordynnus in the island of Lesbos, its flowers having the direful odour of blood, 

 fruit dividing in fours, and together with the leaves if eaten killing sheep and goats : E. Europaeus 

 is known to grow in the environs of Constantinople, also about Caucasus, and as far as the Tobol 

 river in Siberia (Georgi, Ledeb., and A. Dec. p. 247). Westward, is described by Turner, Dale- 

 champ, and Miller; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known to grow throughout mid- 

 dle Europe as far as Lat. 60° 15' on Aland in the Baltic (Lam. fl. fr., and A. Dec). 



Evonymtis latifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Possibly the species in 

 question, — but agreeing better with the "t8trag6nia" of Theophrastus iii. 4. 2 to 6 : E. latifolius 

 was observed by Sibthorp, Gittard, and Fraas, in woods on the Bithynian Olympus and other moun- 

 tains as far as Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Miller ; was observed by 

 Scopoli, and Lenz, in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. iii. pi. 289, 

 Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 



"487 B. C. (= 8 years before the Persian war," Suid., and Sm. b. d.), Chionides exhibiting com- 

 edy at Athens. 



Saccharum Ravennce of the East Mediterranean countries. A reedy grass called in Greece 

 "samaki" (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the SAMAKI of Chionides, — Lysippus, Eratosthenes, 

 Julius Pollux, Hesychius, and Photius : S. Ravennas is termed "gramen paniculatum arundinaceum 

 ramosum panicula densa sericea " by Tournefort inst. 523 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent in marshy ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople; and is known to grow 

 as far West as Italy (Zanon. i. pi. 24, and Pers.). Articles manufactured from this grass have 

 doubtless been sometimes carried to Egypt. 



About this time (Percev. i. 59), Abyan, a descendant of Himyar, ruling Yemen. — Near the 

 entrance to the Red Sea, he founded or restored the city of Aden, named after him " Aden of Abyan." 



486 B. C. = "36th year of Ntarius " or Darius ; the latest date in his reign on the Egyptian 

 monuments (C. Mull fr. Man.). Before the close of this year (= "4th year after the battle of Mar- 

 athon and the year before the death of Darius," Herodot, and Clint.), revolt of the Egyptians against 

 the Persians. 



"The same year" ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Proculus Virginius Tricostus Rutilus and Sp. 

 Cassius Viscellinus consuls, and an agrarian law proposed by the latter. • — In the following year, he 

 was condemned by the patricians and put to death. 



"485 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), Seventeenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Ere- 

 trians, the " Empire of the sea," or dominion over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean, acquired 

 by the Aeginetan Greeks. — Held by them until the Invasion by Xerxes. 



The same year = " 5th year after the battle at Marathon and five years before the Invasion of 

 Greece" (Herodot., and Clint.), Darius succeeded by Xerxes, fourth Persian emperor. The hiero- 

 glyphic ovals of Hesirsa occur on rocks along the Kosser road ; and his name in cuneiform charac- 

 ters, on an Egyptian vase (now in Paris, Glid. analect). 



As early probably as this year (Herodot. vii. 1 1 1), an Oracle of Dionysus on mount Haemus 

 under the management of the Bessians of Thrace. 



Tussilago farfara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain coltsfoot or 

 cough-wort (Prior), in France " pas d'ane " (Nugent), in Germany "huflattich," in Italy "farfaro" 

 (Lenz), in Greece "hamailSuke" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the " vehion " or " hamailSuke " 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian "saartha," and the "asa" of the Bessians — (by whom 

 its alleviating power in asthma may have been discovered) : the "vehion" is mentioned by Hippoc- 

 rates p. 400. 9, Moschion 123, by Dioscorides as having ivy-like leaves but larger green above and 

 white beneath, and a flower-stem quickly perishing; is identified by Ebn Bai tar with the " suala " 

 of Avicenna : T. farfara was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople; is known to grow also in the Crimea, Persia, Siberia (Lindl.) ; and 

 dried "tussilago" was found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt. Westward, the 

 "vehion" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "tousilago" or " poustoulago " or "pharpha- 

 riam " of the Romans ; and the " tussilago " or " farfarum " or " farfugium " is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 

 8? to xxvi. 16; the name derived perhaps from the river Farfaro in the Sabine territory, mentioned 

 by Ovid met. xiv. 330 (Spreng.) : T. farfara is termed " t. vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 487 ; is known 



