260 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 565, Lam. fl. 'fr., and 

 Pers ), becoming often a troublesome weed. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 

 ica, where it seems naturalized, extending along roadsides in Western New England and the neigh- 

 bouring portion of New York ; also to the " East Indies " (Lindl ). As in the days of Dioscorides, 

 the smoke of the leaves continues to be inhaled "against dyspnoea" (Lindl.). 



Andropogon angustifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in 

 France "barbon pied de poule " (Fe"e) ; and the "ishaimon" growing in Thrace, and said to stop 

 the bleeding even of an opened vein -— (Theophr. ix. 15. 3), stuffed in the nose according to Pliny 

 xxv. 45, its leaves "asperis et lanuginosis," is referred here by writers : A. angustifolius was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the 

 " ischaemomem " according to Pliny grows also in Italy, and is tied on to arrest bleeding : A. angus- 

 tifolius is termed "gramen dactylon angustifolium spicis villosis " by Tournefort inst. 520 ; and is 

 known to grow in Switzerland and as far as Leipsic in middle Europe (Hall. hist. ii. 203, Jacq. austr. 

 pi. 384, Roth germ. ii. p. 2. 546, and Schreb. lips. 46). A. ischamum observed by Gerardi gallopr. 

 pi. 4 in Southern France, described by Linnaeus, and termed "a. villosus " by Lamarck fl. fr. (Pers., 

 and Steud.), is regarded by J. E. Smith as distinct. 



Tuber cibarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain truffle, by Park- 

 inson "trubbes," in Italy " tartuffola " (Prior), in Germany " triiffel " (Grieb), in France " truff e " 

 (Nugent), in Greece "iknos " or "uthnos" (Sibth ) ; in which we recognize the "tuber" identified 

 by Pliny with the " iton " of the Thracians : — the "iton" or "itnon" is mentioned also by Galen, 

 and Aetius ; the "uthnos," by Theophrastus i. 1. 11 to 6. 9, by Dioscorides as a roundish edible root 

 dug in the Spring, and by Apollonius mirab. viii. 46, Galen, and Athenaeus ii. 60 : T. cibarium was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, sought for according to Walpole 

 mem. 284 with a divining-rod ; and was met with by Burckhardt on his journey through the region around 

 Sinai (Kitt. p. 281). Westward, the "tuber" according to Pliny xix. 11 to 13 was met with by Lartius 

 Licinius in Spain, is produced also in Italy, and of the best quality in Barbary ; is also mentioned by 

 Martial xiii. 47: T. cibarium is termed "tubera" by Tournefort inst. 565 ; and is known to grow 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Bulliard h. fr. i. pi. 356, and Sibth. oxon. 398). 



484 B. C. (= 502 — " 18 years of two reigns " in the Mahavamsi iv.), Mudda or Munda succeeded 

 by his son Nagadaseka, now Hindu king. He is called Kakavarninin the Avadana asok. (Burn. i. 358). 



" In this year — 2d year after the death of Darius " (Herodot., and Clint.), Egypt recovered by 

 the Persians. 



"In this year" (Gaubil pref.), the Chou-king compiled from ancient historians by Khoung-tseu 

 or Confucius. 



Zingiber officinale of Equatorial Africa. Its imported root is called in Britain ginger, in France 

 "gingembre" (Nugent), in Italy " zenzere '' or "zenze\ero" (Lenz) ; and the plant in Yemen "zen- 

 jebil" (Forsk.), in Sanscrit "ardrukum" or " shringuverum " (Lindl.), in Bengalee " adrak " or "ada" 

 (D'roz.), in Flindustanee "south," in Telinga " ullum," in Tamil "ingie" (Drur.), in Burmah "khyen- 

 seing" (Mason), in Tagalo " luya," in Camarines " laya " (Blanco); and "gingembre" was not 

 avoided by Khoung-tseu lun-yu x. 8 in his food:* — ginger continues to be preserved and exported 

 in large quantities from China ; was observed by Blanco under cultivation on the Philippines ; by 

 Loureiro i. 2, in Anam ; by Mason v. 495 "exotic" and "cultivated to a small extent" in Burmah; 

 is known to be extensively cultivated throughout Hindustan from the elevation of five thousand feet 

 on the Himalaya to Cape Comorin (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 12 in Malabar; by Gra- 

 ham, as far as Surat. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Forskal under cultivation in 

 Yemen ; by myself, the root brought in quantities from the Comoro Islands to Zanzibar, and recog- 

 nized by Wanyamuesi from Interior Africa as a production of their own country; "ginger of Zan- 

 guebar " is mentioned by Abd-allatif ; ginger brought principally from Abyssinia and calledby Negroes 

 "zymbane," was found by CailKaud rare at Ouamamil on the Nile; and the plant is regarded by 

 Joebel as indigenous in Guinea (Drur.). Farther North, the "inthikon" of Menestheus, Andreas, 

 Xenocrates, and Dioscorides of Alexandria, is identified by Galen with the "ziggivfiri" or "zingiber; " 

 mentioned by Celsus v. 23; by Dioscorides, as a peculiar plant growing mostly in " troglothutike 

 aravia," but by Pliny xii. 14 as growing within towns in "arabia atque troglodytica;" the Greek and 

 Latin name is clearly geographical, derived from the source of supply, the island of Zanzibar. By 

 European colonists, the plant was carried to the West Indies, where it is now extensively cultivated 

 (Wright lond. med. journ.) : and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). The root according to Lindley is 

 "one of the most valuable of aromatics, carminative, stimulant, sialoo-oo-ue." 



* 



Cucwnis conomon of Japan. The "melon" too bitter to be eaten and fit only to be suspended, 

 mentioned by Khoung-tseu lun-yu xvii. 7, — may be compared : C. conomon was observed by Kaemp- 

 fer v. 811 in Japan, according to Thunberg "everywhere cultivated," and a preparation of the fruit 

 eaten by the natives, carried besides by the Dutch occasionally to Batavia and even to Europe. 



