OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 26 1 



"483 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint.), ostracism or banishment from Athens of the statesman Aris- 

 tides. A transaction much celebrated. 



" In this or the preceding year (= 245 yrs " after its foundation, Thucyd. vi. 4, and Sm. b. d.), 

 Megara in Sicily destroyed by Gelon; who removed the principal citizens to Syracuse, including 

 Epicharmus a pupil of Pythagoras. — Of the comedies of Epicharmus, the only one whose date is 

 certainly known is the Nasoi "in 477." 



The following form of the letter is said to have been first used by Epicharmus (Aristot., and 

 Plin. vii. 57). 



Foenicuhtm vulgare of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Hr\\.-A\r\ fennel or fenkel, in France 

 "fenouil," in Germany "fenchel" (Prior), in Italy "finocchio" or at Verona "fenocio" (Lenz), in 

 Greece "agriomalathron" (Sibth.) or "marathron" (Fraas), in Yemen "sekamar" (Forsk.), in Egyptian 

 "savin" (Kirch.) or " tshamar hoout " (ms. Par.), in which we recognize the MAPA0A of Epichar- 

 mus, — Anaxandrides, Archestratus, Athenaeus ii. 47 to 83, or "marathron" of the Hippocratic 

 treatises, Demosthenes, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Galen : F. vulgare was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles. 

 Seeds called "schamer" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as brought for medicinal use "from 

 Upper Egypt,'' and the living plant was seen by him under cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. 

 Westward, the " marathrus " is mentioned by Ovid, and Columella ; is identified by Pliny with the 

 "foeniculum," mentioned by Celsus, and others ; and a gum-like exudation procured from it in Iberia 

 or Spain is mentioned by Dioscorides and Pliny xx. 95 ; F. vulgare is described by Lobel pi. 775, 

 and Dodoens pi. 295 ; is termed "f. vulgare minus acriori et nigriori semine " by Tournefort inst. 311 ; 

 is known to occur in cultivated and waste ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.), and has become 

 naturalized in Britain (A. Dec). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Wight, and Graham, under 

 cultivation in Hindustan and called " owa ; " by Thunberg, cultivated in Japan from seeds brought from 

 China, and called "sen rio " or "kure no womo.'' By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle and Southern States ; to Austral Amer- 

 ica, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire naturalized at Montevideo, by myself in other localities ; and to the 

 Hawaiian Islands, where also I found it naturalized. According to Lindley, "oil of wild fennel is 

 obtained from the fruit." 



Foeniculum dulce of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the " maratha" of Epicharmus, — ■ 

 and others, mentioned as esculent by Dioscorides : F. dulce is described by C. Bauhin pin. 147 ; is 

 usually considered by Italian writers "a cultivated variety of" the preceding, but is regarded by 

 Decandolle, and Lindley, as a distinct species : is known to occur also in Portugal, and "oil oi sweet 

 fennel 'is obtained from the fruit" (Lindl.). 



Siuin sisarum of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain skirret, in old English " skyrwyt " or 

 " skyrwort," in Holland " suiker-wortel " (Prior), in Germany "zuckerwurzel," in Italy " sisaro " 

 (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the %\ 5APOA/ of Epicharmus, — Opion, Diodes, Heraclides Taren- 

 tinus, Dioscorides, Soranus Ephesius, Galen, Athenaeus iii. 91, Paulus Aegineta, three roots of which 

 according to Hicesius no one can continuously eat : S. sisarum seems no longer cultivated in Greece 

 (Fraas). Westward, the "siser" is mentioned by Horace sat. ii. 8. 9, Celsus, Columella, roots from 

 the cool climate of the Rhine were annually imported by Tiberius, and its cultivation in Italy is 

 further mentioned by Pliny xix. 28 and xx. 17 : S. sisarum is described by Tragus 9:2 ; and is known 

 to be cultivated in Italy and middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi 514, and Spreng.). East- 

 ward from Greece, was observed by Burmann pi. 29 in Hindustan and called " ninsi ; " is known to 

 grow in China (Pers.) ;. and was observed by Kaempfer amoen. pi. 818, and Thunberg in Japan, and 

 called '" mukago nisin " or " sjakuna." By European colonists, was carried prior to 165610 Northeast 

 America, being enumerated in Bradford's poem as successfully cultivated in New England, but has 

 since disappeared. 



Cynara cardunculus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain cardoon (Prior), 

 in France " cardon " (A. Dec), in Germany "kardon" (Fraas), in Italy " cardo " (Lenz): the 

 KAKTOS of Epicharmus, — growing according to Theophrastus vi. 4 only in Sicily, the flowers 

 chano-ing into pappus and the stem called "kaktos " and eaten, mentioned also in Delet pharm. 33, 

 and by Pliny xxi. 57, is referred here by writers : C. cardunculus is described by Anguillara, and 

 Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is known to grow wild in Barbary and Southern France, is besides cultivated 

 throughout middle Europe for the edible stalk and midrib of the leaves (Pers.). Eastward, is known 

 to occur on Crete (Pers.) ; and the " kaktos " was known to Athenaeus ii. 70 in Egypt. By European 

 colonists, C. cardunculus was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation 

 in our Middle States ; to Austral America, where it has become naturalized and abundant on the 

 pampas or plains from the Uruguay and La Plata (A. Saint-Hil., and A. Dec.) to Patagonia, observed 

 there by myself along the Rio Negro. 



Origanum vulgare oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain organy (Prior) 



