OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 263 



Theophrastus ii. 6. 1 1 as a singular kind of palm growing on Crete and more abundantly on Sicily, 

 continuing to flourish after the brain is removed, and when cut to the roots giving out new shoots ; 

 the fruit of " hamaizelSn phoinik6n " is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 149; the " palma agrestis," by 

 Cicero verr. v. 33; "palma campestris " by Columella iii. 1.2; and the"palma elate " of Pliny 

 xxiii. 53 has "germina folia corticem" buds leaves and bark : fruit of a " Chamseriphis " was found 

 by Delile in the drug-shops of Egypt: C. humilis is described by Anguillara p. 71, Matthioli, and 

 Cassalpinus ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 436 in Barbary ; by Hogg in Sicily, covering hills 

 like furze ; is known to grow also in Southern Italy, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, and Southern 

 Spain, the roots and base of the young stem eaten (Pers., and A. Dec.) ; is besides sometimes 

 cultivated, and was seen by Forskal in the Montpellier garden. By European colonists, was carried 

 to Madeira, where it has become naturalized (Lemann) ; perhaps also to the Greek islands of Corfu 

 and Zante (Martius). 



"482 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Julius Julus and Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consuls at Rome, marching 

 unopposed against the Veientes and laying waste their territory. 



Artemisia queen of Halicarnassus and the neighbouring islands, a vassal but voluntarily pre- 

 paring to join the Persian fleet with " five beautiful ships " (Herod., and Paus. iii. II. 3). Her brother 

 or son Pigres is regarded as the author of the Batrachomyomachia (Plut. malign, her. 43, Suid., 

 and Sm. b. d.). 



Mentha sylvestris of Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Altaian mountains. Called in 

 Britain horse mint or brook mint or water mint (Prior), in Italy " sosembro matto " (Pollin.), in 

 Greece "kalamithra" or "agrioethuosmos " (Sibth.), in Egypt "habaqbaq" (Del.), in Egyptian " sou- 

 manas '' (Edw.) ; in which we recognized the KAA A M I N 9H of Pigres batrach., — and " kalaminthe 

 trite " of Dioscorides resembling "ethuosm6 agrid " but larger and its leaves longer : M. sylvestris 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Link (Chaub.), frequent in moist situations in Greece ; by Forskal, and 

 Delile, in Egypt ; by Forskal, in Yemen ; is known to grow also about Taurus and Caucasus (Royle). 

 Westward, the " sisymbrium silvestre " not more than a foot high and by some called " thymbraeum," 

 is mentioned by Pliny xx. 91 : M. sylvestris is described by Tragus f. 8, and Anguillara (Spreng.) ; 

 was observed by Pollini in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 

 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 484, and Pers.). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to grow among the Altaian 

 mountains, and the Himalayan as far as Cashmere (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). 



Calamintha officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain calamint 

 (Prior), and according to Fraas frequent in the ditches of Attica; possibly therefore the "kala- 

 minthe" of Pigres batrach., — and Aristophanes : C. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 

 from Attica to mount Athos and Constantinople. Westward, the "calamintha" employed in cookery 

 by Apicius, is referred here by Dierbach, and others : C. officinalis is described by Kivinus monop. ; 

 is termed " c. vulgaris vel officinarum Germaniae " by Tournefort inst. 194 ; and is known to grow in 

 stony places from Austria Italy and Spain as far as Britain (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot. 

 pi. 1676). Is according to Lindley "aromatic and slightly bitter," used " by country people in the 

 form of tea as a grateful fever drink." (See Mentha tomentella). 



"481, April 19th " = " first day of the Fifth month in the 39th year of Khing-wang " (Chinese 

 annals, Gaubil, and . . . ), eclipse of the sun. 



" In the autumn " (Sm. b. d.), arrival of Xerxes at Sardis. Osthanes, earliest commentator on 

 the Magian doctrines, accompanying Xerxes — (Plin. xxx. 2). 



Anchusa paniculata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " buglossa " (Lenz), in 

 Greece " vouthogldsson "(Sibth.) or " voithogl8ssa" (Fraas); in which we recognize the " vouglftsson " 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " anton £rinv£s<5r," the "gonos ailourou " of the prophets, 

 and SANNOYXI of Osthanes : — the " vougldsson " is described by Dioscorides as resembling the 

 " phlom6," its leaves spreading over the ground, rough with prickles and like an ox's tongue : A. 

 paniculata was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus frequent through- 

 out Greece. Westward, the " vougldsson '' is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vouthalla" 

 of the Dacians, " ansanaph " of the Numidians, and " loggaivoum " or " liggoua vovoum " or "liva- 

 nin" of the Romans : A. paniculata is described by Brunfels i. p. 11 r (Spreng.); is termed "b. angus- 

 tilblium majus flore caeruleo " by Tournefort inst. 134 ; was observed by Retz obs. i. p. 12, and Lenz, 

 in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as Madeira (Pers.). 



Borago officinalis of Persia. Called in Britain borage, in France "bourache" (Prior), in Ger- 

 many "borretsch " (Grieb), in Greece " vouraza " (Forsk.) or " armpgta " (Sibth.) or "arnopStra" 

 (Lowndes), in Egypt " lissan et tor " ox's tongue (Forsk.). and therefore possibly the " sannouhi " in 

 question : — the belief in " vouglSsson " causing " Suphrosunon " hilarity if placed in wine, mentioned 

 by Dioscorides, Pliny xxv. 40, and Plutarch sympos. i, seems at least the origin of the medieval 

 proverb " ego borago gaudia semper ago : " the " lisan el-tour " is described by Avicenna as an herb 

 with broad leaves rough to the touch as well as its branches, the best having calloso-hirsute leaves 



