264 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



and procured in Khorasan ; is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : B. officinalis was observed by Forskal, 

 and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and according to Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., is employed 

 medicinally; is known to occur springing up spontaneously at Aleppo (Pers.); was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, in waste places from Cyprus to the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at 

 Constantinople. Westward, the "borago" is mentioned by Nicolaus Praepositus, and Matthaeus 

 Sylvaticus pand. 42; B. officinalis is described by Gerarde p. 653; is termed " b. floribus caeruleis " 

 by Tournefort inst. 133 ; was observed by Bertoloni seemingly wild in Italy (A. Dec.) ; and is known 

 to occur in waste and cultivated ground as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 36). By European colonists, 

 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues " sometimes spontaneous in gardens " (A. 

 Gray) in our Northern States. (See B. Africana). 



Asarum Europamm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain folefoot 

 or hazel-wort (Prior) or from blended synonyms dsarabacca (Parkins, th. 115), in Germany " hasel- 

 wurz," in Italy " asaro " (Lenz) or at Verona " baccara " or " bacchara " (Pollin.), in Greece " asaron " 

 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " asaron " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " kSreeran,'' 

 the " aima ar£6s " of the prophets, and 6ESAN of Osthanes : — the "asaron" is mentioned in t 

 Mul. morb. ; by Dioscorides as growing mostly in Pontus, Phrygia, and Illyria, in shaded mountainous 

 situations and among its leaves having a flower close to the roots ; is also mentioned by Paulus of 

 Aegina : A. Europaeum was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, also in the environs of Con- 

 stantinople ; and " asarum " root imported from Greece was found by Forskal mat. med. used medici- 

 nally in Egypt. Westward, the "asaron " was further known to Dioscorides as growing among the 

 Oufistinois in Italy; is identified with the " narthon agrian " in the added Synonyms, and with the 

 " narthon roustikoum " or " soukkinoum " of the Tuscans, and " vakhar " or " peViprgsam " of 

 the Romans ; and the account of the " asarum " or " silvestre nardum " by Pliny xii. 27 is only in 

 part taken from Dioscorides : A. Europium is termed "asarum " by Tournefort inst. 501 ; is known 

 to grow in wooded situations from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Pers., 

 and A. Dec). Eastward from the Mediterranean, the dried root and leaves of " asaroon " accord- 

 ing to Moomina are brought from Syria to Hindustan ; are enumerated by Ainslie mat. ind. as 

 sparingly used there medicinally ; and are called in Sanscrit " oopana," in Hindustanee " tuckir," in 

 Telinga " cheppoo tatakoo." The plant according to Lindley is called in France "cabaret," because 

 used it is said by drunkards "to produce vomiting," the roots being "purgative, emetic, and diu- 

 retic." (See Inula conyza). 



" 4S0, in the Spring " (Clint., and others), departure of Xerxes from Sardis, on his memorable 

 Invasion of Greece. 



The Indian auxiliaries in the army of Xerxes wore garments of cotton " apo xul6n ; ' were 

 armed with bows of bamboo " kalamina," the arrows of the same material pointed with iron; and 

 were led by Pharnazathres son of Artabatis — (Herod, vii. 65). 



The Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes had spears pointed with the sharp horn of the " thorka- 

 thos " antelope — (Herod, vii. 68). The fashion continues unchanged, and an African spear pointed 

 with the straight horn of an antelope, is now in the museum at Washington. 



Cluysnphylhem ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A lofty tree called " chenjha " (Grant) ; 

 possibly furnishing the wooden portion of the spears in question : —observed by Grant from " 5 S. 

 to 3 15' N." on the Nile, its wood made into spear-handles, and a sweet drink obtained from its fruit. 



Phoenix sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A wild date, perhaps furnishing the bows four cubits 

 long of *OINlKO§: SnAOHS carried by the Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes — (Herodot. vii. 69): 

 observed by Grant growing on the hill-sides, having no known uses, its fruit not edible. 



On his way, the camels of Xerxes were attacked by lions — (Herodot.). 



AlchemiHa alpina of mountains in Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece 

 "leontopothion " (Sibth.), a name that seems to have arisen when lion-tracks were familiarly known: 

 — the "leontiken" or " kakalia " described by Dioscorides as growing on mountains, having a 

 straight white stem, ample white leaves, the flower " vru6 "-like or resembling that of the' olive, may 

 be compared: A. alpina was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and in the Pelopon- 

 nesus. Westward, the "leontice " or "cacalia" is described by Pliny x.xv. 85 as growing almost 

 exclusively on mountains, the seed like diminutive pearls pendent amid large leaves ; A. alpina is 

 termed " a. alpina quinquefolii folio subtus argenteo " by Tournefort inst. 508 ; is known to grow on 

 the Appenines and mountains of middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Lapp. 61, Engl, 

 bot. pi. 244, and A. Dec.) Iceland and Greenland (Hook.). 



Achemilla vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lad/s-man- 

 tle or lions-paw or lion's-foot or padelion (Prior) ; in which we recognize the " leontopothion " — or 

 "leukeoron" or " thdris " or "tbonktens" or " thoruvethron " of Syn. Diosc. iii. 100: A. vulgaris 

 was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and in the Peloponnesus; is known to grow 

 also along the Taurian mountains and as far as the Altaian (Gmel, Bieb., and Ledeb.). Westward 



